Rocky Mountain forests are poised to recover following bark beetle outbreaks but with altered composition
Rocky Mountain forests are poised to recover following bark beetle outbreaks but with altered composition
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落基山森林在树皮甲虫爆发后有望恢复，但成分发生了变化
DOI：
10.1111/1365-2745.13999
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发表时间：
2022
影响因子：
5.5
通讯作者：
Hoffman, Ashley E.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Rodman, Kyle C.;Andrus, Robert A.;Carlson, Amanda R.;Carter, Trevor A.;Chapman, Teresa B.;Coop, Jonathan D.;Fornwalt, Paula J.;Gill, Nathan S.;Harvey, Brian J.;Hoffman, Ashley E.
由于气候变暖和干旱，最近爆发的本土小蠹（小蠹科：小蠹亚科）在整个欧洲和北美造成了广泛的树木死亡。尽管其无处不在的性质和对生态系统的重要影响，森林恢复后，这样的干扰是知之甚少，特别是在不同的非生物条件和爆发的影响的地区。为了更好地了解在地形复杂的地区爆发后的恢复，我们综合了16个实地研究的数据，跨越亚高山森林在南落基山脉，美国。从1997年到2019年，这些森林受到三种本地树皮甲虫物种（Dendroctonus ponderosae，Dendroctonus rufipennis和Dryocococoalphanus confusus）爆发的严重影响。我们比较了爆发前和爆发后的森林条件，并开发了爆发后的全区域预测地图（1）活断面积，（2）幼龄密度和（3）最丰富的树种-白杨的高度生长率（Populus tremuloides），Engelmann spruce（云杉），小干松（扭叶松）和亚高山冷杉（毛果冷杉）。甲虫引起的树木死亡率使活树的平均直径减少了28.4%（5.6厘米），和物种优势度改变了27.8%的田间地块的转移远离松树和云杉。然而，大多数地块（82.1%）可能会恢复到爆发前的树木密度，而无需额外的再生。全区域地图显示，冷杉和白杨是影响最严重的小蠹物种（即树蠹属）的非宿主物种，将通过增加成分优势而受益于爆发。在考虑个体大小后，所有针叶树种的高度生长在冬季降水量低、冬季温度高和严重爆发的地点更快。在美国落基山脉的亚高山森林中，最近树皮甲虫的爆发减少了树木的大小，改变了物种组成。虽然在大多数地方，爆发前的森林结构最终可能会恢复，但物种组成的变化可能会持续数十年。尽管如此，由于爆发前条件、爆发严重程度和非生物梯度的差异，树皮甲虫爆发后的森林群落变化很大。这种区域性变化对生态系统服务和对未来干扰的敏感性具有重要影响。
Amplified by warming temperatures and drought, recent outbreaks of native bark beetles (Curculionidae: Scolytinae) have caused extensive tree mortality throughout Europe and North America. Despite their ubiquitous nature and important effects on ecosystems, forest recovery following such disturbances is poorly understood, particularly across regions with varying abiotic conditions and outbreak effects.To better understand post‐outbreak recovery across a topographically complex region, we synthesized data from 16 field studies spanning subalpine forests in the Southern Rocky Mountains, USA. From 1997 to 2019, these forests were heavily affected by outbreaks of three native bark beetle species (Dendroctonus ponderosae,Dendroctonus rufipennisandDryocoetes confusus). We compared pre‐ and post‐outbreak forest conditions and developed region‐wide predictive maps of post‐outbreak (1) live basal areas, (2) juvenile densities and (3) height growth rates for the most abundant tree species – aspen (Populus tremuloides), Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii), lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) and subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa).Beetle‐caused tree mortality reduced the average diameter of live trees by 28.4% (5.6 cm), and species dominance was altered on 27.8% of field plots with shifts away from pine and spruce. However, most plots (82.1%) were likely to recover towards pre‐outbreak tree densities without additional regeneration. Region‐wide maps indicated that fir and aspen, non‐host species for bark beetle species with the most severe effects (i.e.Dendroctonusspp.), will benefit from outbreaks through increased compositional dominance. After accounting for individual size, height growth for all conifer species was more rapid in sites with low winter precipitation, high winter temperatures and severe outbreaks.Synthesis. In subalpine forests of the US Rocky Mountains, recent bark beetle outbreaks have reduced tree size and altered species composition. While eventual recovery of the pre‐outbreakforest structureis likely in most places, changes inspecies compositionmay persist for decades. Still, forest communities following bark beetle outbreaks are widely variable due to differences in pre‐outbreak conditions, outbreak severity and abiotic gradients. This regional variability has critical implications for ecosystem services and susceptibility to future disturbances.
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