Early West African Iron Smelting: The Legacy of Taruga in Light of Recent Nok Research

Early West African Iron Smelting: The Legacy of Taruga in Light of Recent Nok Research
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早期西非炼铁:根据最近的 Nok 研究,Taruga 的遗产

DOI:
10.1007/s10437-017-9262-2
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发表时间:
2017
影响因子:
1.6
通讯作者:
Männel
Männel
中科院分区:
法学4区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Fagg Rackham;Franke;Junius;Männel

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20世纪60年代,尼日利亚中部的塔鲁加遗址被挖掘出来,它揭示了公元前一千年精心制作的陶俑和炼铁(以熔炉和铁器的形式)的证据。这使得塔鲁加成为撒哈拉以南非洲地区广为人知的早期铁技术的关键地点。1969年和1975年分别发表了一些一般的挖掘和熔炉信息,将Nok兵马俑艺术和早期铁生产联系起来。40多年后的2005年,一个关于诺克文化及其考古背景的新研究项目在德国法兰克福的歌德大学开始。该项目在乔斯高原以西的中央分布区记录了300多个遗址,其中80个遗址得到了检查或挖掘。它使人们在了解年代学、遗址结构、陶俑、陶器、铁生产、石器、生计和环境方面取得了重大进展。根据这些新的结果,对Taruga的存档材料进行了重新调查。除了有关挖掘和选定功能的信息,本文提出了新的见解,该网站的地层,年表和炉设计,以及信息的陶器和兵马俑材料。这些结果现在可以放在更广泛的背景下早期西非铁冶金和新的知识,在10年的诺克研究,这表明诺克的发展开始于第二个千年中期,而铁技术只出现在第一个千年中期左右。此外,新的研究结果还指出了塔鲁加在第二个千年中期的另一个第二阶段的铁生产。
When the Taruga site in central Nigeria was excavated in the 1960s, it revealed evidence of elaborate terracotta figurines and iron-smelting (in the form of furnaces and iron objects) dating to the first millenniumbc. This made Taruga a widely known key site for early iron technology in sub-Saharan Africa. Some general excavation and furnace information were published in 1969 and 1975 respectively, connecting Nok terracotta art and early iron production. More than 40 years later, in 2005, a new research project on the Nok Culture and its archaeological context was begun at Goethe University in Frankfurt, Germany. The project recorded more than 300 sites in the central distribution area west of the Jos Plateau, of which 80 were examined or excavated. It allowed significant advances in the understanding of chronology, site structure, terracotta figurines, pottery, iron production, stone artefacts, subsistence and environment. In the light of these new results, the archived Taruga material has been reinvestigated. Besides information about excavation and selected features, this paper presents new insights into the site’s stratigraphy, chronology and furnace design, as well as information on pottery and terracotta material. These results can now be put into the wider context of early West African iron metallurgy and of new knowledge gained in 10 years of Nok research, which suggests that the Nok development began in the mid-second millenniumbcand that iron technology only emerged around the mid-first millenniumbc. In addition, the new results point to another, second phase of iron production at Taruga in the middle of the second millenniumad.
尼日利亚塔鲁加炼铁
DOI: --
发表时间: 1975
期刊:
影响因子: --
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R. Tylecote
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公元前 1500 年至公元纪元初期尼日利亚中部诺克文化年表
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