Prototypes, exemplars, and the natural history of categorization.

Prototypes, exemplars, and the natural history of categorization.
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DOI:
10.3758/s13423-013-0506-0
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发表时间:
2014-04
影响因子:
3.5
通讯作者:
Smith JD
Smith JD
中科院分区:
心理学2区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Smith JD

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本文从效用/适应的角度探讨了原型和范例过程在分类中的作用。作者从应用原型和范例过程的最优性角度考察了分类文献中重要的类别任务。正式的模拟表明,如果生物将它们的范例经验平均到一个原型中,并将其作为分类的比较标准,那么它们通常(并非总是!)会收到更多关于类别归属的有用信号。这一调查为考虑分类认知系统的演变提供了理论背景。在文章的最后部分,作者回顾了最近关于非人类灵长类动物和人类在文章中分析的任务中的表现的研究。不同物种在分类上有共同的操作原则、默认承诺和处理弱点。从这些共性中,有可能推断出这些物种在认知进化过程中普遍经历的分类生态的一些特性。
The article explores—from a utility/adaptation perspective—the role of prototype and exemplar processes in categorization. The author surveys important category tasks within the categorization literature from the perspective of the optimality of applying prototype and exemplar processes. Formal simulations reveal that organisms will often (not always!) receive more useful signals about category belongingness if they average their exemplar experience into a prototype and use this as the comparative standard for categorization. This survey then provides the theoretical context for considering the evolution of cognitive systems for categorization. In the article’s final sections, the author reviews recent research on the performance of nonhuman primates and humans in the tasks analyzed in the article. Diverse species share operating principles, default commitments, and processing weaknesses in categorization. From these commonalities, it may be possible to infer some properties of the categorization ecology these species generally experienced during cognitive evolution.
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