Going for the Subarean Brand: The Import of Labor in Early Babylonia
Going for the Subarean Brand: The Import of Labor in Early Babylonia
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走向郊区品牌：早期巴比伦的劳动力输入
DOI：
10.1086/699483
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发表时间：
2018
影响因子：
0.6
通讯作者：
Bartash
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Bartash
本文评估了剖宫产的作用，在宫殿和寺庙家庭的Sargonic巴比伦，约。公元前2350-2150年。虽然这些外国人中有一定数量的人肯定来自东底格里斯地区古老而强大的苏比尔国，但“苏伯林”和“苏巴图”在当时已经成为意识形态上的结构，分别意味着“北方人”和“北方土地”。来自虚构的苏巴图的工人的个人名字表明他们属于不同的种族：特别是，许多名字意味着“苏巴图人”构成了北方美索不达米亚相当一部分的闪族人口。这个虚构的、定义不清的多民族“苏巴图”形象背后的历史现实是古老而强大的王朝早期城邦苏比尔的政治和军事力量，苏比尔位于底格里斯河东部地区，偶尔会在巴比伦尼亚造成破坏。这一事实推翻了传统的南北关系是“文明对野蛮”的观点。因此，我们需要区分巴比伦尼亚和历史上的苏比尔之间的关系，以及萨尔贡和后期作为重要劳动来源的想象中的意识形态结构“苏巴图”之间的关系。巴比伦尼亚的大多数亚伯兰工人都是闪米特人。与传统观点相反，我将表明，巴比伦尼亚的Subarean男子的劳动与妇女和儿童的劳动一样重要。对这些数据的历史评价使人们得出这样的结论：美索不达米亚的第一个跨区域国家，即阿卡得国家，在一定程度上依赖这些人力资源来满足那些自由的当地人口不愿意向国家伸出援手的经济部门的劳动力短缺。用爱德华·赛义德的话说，苏比尔（Subartu）的土地和它的居民沿着是“他者”的一个典型例子。[1]至少从萨尔冈时期开始，苏巴尔图就属于“想象力”的范畴。我要感谢Aage Westenholz和Benjamin Foster，他们在大学博物馆、宾夕法尼亚大学的收藏品和耶鲁大学皮博迪自然历史博物馆分享了他们的照片和未发表文本的副本，这些照片和文本将分别出现在OSP 3和BIN 12中，并允许我引用它们。我感谢马可·博内奇、亚历山大·普鲁伊特和瓦尔特·萨拉伯格对本文初稿的反馈。我要感谢一位匿名的审稿人，他提供了许多有见地的建议来改进手稿。这篇文章的所有缺点都是我的。缩略语如下：
This article evaluates the role of Subarean labor in palatial and temple households of Sargonic Babylonia, ca. 2350–2150 BC. Although a certain number of these foreigners certainly originated in the ancient and powerful state of Subir in the East Tigris region,“Subarean” and “Subartu” had by that time become ideologically loaded constructs meaning just “Northerner” and “Northern lands,” respectively. The personal names of workers from the imaginary Subartu indicate that they belonged to various ethnicities: in particular, numerous names imply that “Subareans” consisted to a considerable part of the Semitic population of northern Mesopotamia. The historical reality behind the image of this imaginary, ill-defined polyethnic “Subartu” was the political and military weight of the ancient and powerful Early Dynastic city-state Subir that was situated in the east Tigris region and occasionally caused havoc in Babylonia. This fact discredits the traditional view of the relationships between South and North as “civilization vs. barbarians.” Therefore, we need to differentiate between the relationships between Babylonia and the historical Subir on the one hand, and the imaginary ideological construct “Subartu” of the Sargonic and later periods as an important source of labor on the other. Most Subarean workers in Babylonia were Semites. Contrary to traditional opinion, I will show that the labor of Subarean men in Babylonia was as important as that of women and children. The historical evaluation of these data brings one to the conclusion that the first inter-regional state in Mesopotamia, the Akkadian state, relied to a certain degree on these human resources to satisfy its labor shortage in those branches of economy where the free local population were unwilling to offer their hand to the state. The land of Subir (Subartu), along with its inhabitants, is a classic example of “the other,” to use Edward Said’s words. 1 From at least the Sargonic period, Subartu belonged to the realm of “imaginative* This study has been supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG). I express gratitude to Aage Westenholz and Benjamin Foster, who shared their photographs and copies of their unpublished texts in the University Museum, the collections of the University of Pennsylvania, and the Peabody Museum of Natural History of Yale University that are due to appear in OSP 3 and BIN 12, respectively, and allowed me to cite them. I am indebted to Marco Bonechi, Alexander Pruß, and Walther Sallaberger for their feedback on an early draft of this paper. My gratitude goes to an anonymous reviewer who provided a number of knowing and insightful suggestions to improve the manuscript. All remaining shortcomings of the article are mine. Abbreviations follow the
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