Microbes in the Anthropocene: spillover of agriculturally selected bacteria and their impact on natural ecosystems.
Microbes in the Anthropocene: spillover of agriculturally selected bacteria and their impact on natural ecosystems.
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DOI：
10.1098/rspb.2016.0896
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发表时间：
2016-12-14
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Tylianakis JM
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Bell T;Tylianakis JM
土壤微生物群落非常多样化，至少有数百万种物种和数万亿个基因是科学未知的或描述不清的。土壤微生物群落是农业的关键组成部分，例如，在提供氮和保护作物免受病原体侵害方面，每年提供超过1万亿美元的整体生态系统服务。重要的是要知道人类是如何影响这种隐藏的多样性。关于农业集约化对高等生物的负面影响，人们知道得很多，但关于景观的改变如何影响微生物多样性、分布和过程，几乎一无所知。我们回顾了已知的微生物的空间流动及其对土地利用变化的响应，并概述了九个假设，以推进跨景观微生物组的研究。我们假设，强化农业选择某些类群和基因，然后“溢出”到邻近的未修改的地区，并产生一个光环的遗传分化周围的农田。因此，不同生境的空间配置和管理强度与单个类群的扩散能力相结合，以确定溢出的程度，这可能会影响邻近未修改的生境的功能。当景观是异质性和扩散率高，这将选择大的基因组，允许利用多种栖息地，这一过程可能会加速通过水平基因转移。农业的持续扩张将增加基因型的相似性，使微生物群落在人类主导的景观中的功能越来越多变，也可能影响生态系统服务的持续提供。虽然尚未计算由此产生的经济成本，但显然应考虑到微生物的扩散动态，以确保在农业生态系统镶嵌体中维持生态系统的功能和服务。
Soil microbial communities are enormously diverse, with at least millions of species and trillions of genes unknown to science or poorly described. Soil microbial communities are key components of agriculture, for example, in provisioning nitrogen and protecting crops from pathogens, providing overall ecosystem services in excess of $1000bn per year. It is important to know how humans are affecting this hidden diversity. Much is known about the negative consequences of agricultural intensification on higher organisms, but almost nothing is known about how alterations to landscapes affect microbial diversity, distributions and processes. We review what is known about spatial flows of microbes and their response to land-use change, and outline nine hypotheses to advance research of microbiomes across landscapes. We hypothesize that intensified agriculture selects for certain taxa and genes, which then ‘spill over’ into adjacent unmodified areas and generate a halo of genetic differentiation around agricultural fields. Consequently, the spatial configuration and management intensity of different habitats combines with the dispersal ability of individual taxa to determine the extent of spillover, which can impact the functioning of adjacent unmodified habitats. When landscapes are heterogeneous and dispersal rates are high, this will select for large genomes that allow exploitation of multiple habitats, a process that may be accelerated through horizontal gene transfer. Continued expansion of agriculture will increase genotypic similarity, making microbial community functioning increasingly variable in human-dominated landscapes, potentially also impacting the consistent provisioning of ecosystem services. While the resulting economic costs have not been calculated, it is clear that dispersal dynamics of microbes should be taken into consideration to ensure that ecosystem functioning and services are maintained in agri-ecosystem mosaics.
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DOI：
10.1038/ismej.2011.159
发表时间：
2012-05
期刊：
The ISME journal
影响因子：
--
作者：
通讯作者：
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稀有生物圈的复苏有助于生态系统活动的脉冲。
影响因子：
5.2
作者：
Aanderud ZT;Jones SE;Fierer N;Lennon JT
通讯作者：
Lennon JT
影响因子：
6.6
作者：
Donald, Paul F.;Sanderson, Fiona J.;van Bommel, Frans P. J.
通讯作者：
van Bommel, Frans P. J.
影响因子：
8.8
作者：
Gandon, S
通讯作者：
Gandon, S
影响因子：
56.9
作者：
Gonzalez, A;Lawton, JH;Evans-Freke, I
通讯作者：
Evans-Freke, I