A political tsunami hits Amazon conservation
A political tsunami hits Amazon conservation
复制标题
政治海啸袭击了亚马逊保护区
DOI：
10.1002/aqc.3565
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发表时间：
2021
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Castello, Leandro
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Pelicice, Fernando Mayer;Castello, Leandro
亚马逊保护的历史可以被视为一场战争，一方是农业综合企业的利益，另一方是生物多样性保护和可持续性的利益。1970年代大规模砍伐森林的趋势促使一系列政策、利益攸关方联盟以及国际和基层运动，这些运动在几十年后导致建立保护区并干预农业综合企业的大豆和牛肉供应链。总而言之，这些进展是亚马逊森林保护框架的缩影，该框架一度几乎遏制了巴西亚马逊地区的森林砍伐，尽管它对淡水生态系统的保护很少。然而，在这些保护进展发生的同时，一系列政策变化开始通过扩大森林砍伐、河流治理和采矿活动来破坏这些框架。2019年巴西总统贾尔·博尔索纳罗的当选打击了亚马逊保护框架，就像是一场政策挫折的海啸，以及过去引发亚马逊战争的经济政策的重建。目前的轨迹是亚马逊生态系统和生物多样性的大规模退化，从而对当地人造成影响。由于淡水生态系统对水上和陆地上的人类活动高度敏感，这些日益增长的影响尤其大。现在知道还为时过早，但40年来保护巴西亚马逊的制度和政策发展可能很快就会超过它们能够恢复的地步。有四个条件对亚马逊养护框架的收效至关重要：(A)博尔索纳罗的任务于2022年或更早结束；(B)重新动员利益攸关方；(C)对环境研究、政策和多种合作进行投资；(D)将养护工作从陆地景观转移到淡水生态系统及其人民。
The history of conservation of the Amazon can be viewed as a war involving many battles with interests in agribusiness on one side and in biodiversity conservation and sustainability on the other side. Trends in large‐scale deforestation in the 1970s spurred a series of policies, stakeholder alliances and international and grass‐roots movements, which decades later led to the establishment of protected areas and interventions in soy and beef supply chains of agribusiness. Together, these advances epitomized a conservation framework for the Amazon, which at one point nearly curbed deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon, although it included very few protections for freshwater ecosystems.While those conservation advances were taking place, however, a series of policy changes started to undermine them through expansions in deforestation, river regulation and mining activities. The election of Brazil's President Jair Bolsonaro in 2019 then hit the Amazon conservation framework much like a tsunami of policy setbacks and the re‐establishment of the economic policies that sparked the Amazon war in the past.The current trajectory is one of large‐scale degradation of Amazonian ecosystems and biodiversity with consequent impacts on local people. Because freshwater ecosystems are highly sensitive to human activities on water and on land, these growing impacts are particularly large.It is too early to know, but four decades of institutional and policy developments to conserve the Brazilian Amazon may soon be pushed past the point from which they will be able to recover. Four conditions will be pivotal to allowing the Amazon conservation framework to recoup: (a) the end of Bolsonaro’s mandate in 2022 or earlier; (b) remobilization of stakeholders; (c) investments in environmental research, policy and multiple collaborations; and (d) moving conservation beyond terrestrial landscapes to also encompass freshwater ecosystems and their people.
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影响因子：
3.4
作者：
A. Padial;A. Agostinho;V. Azevedo;F. A. Frehse;D. P. Lima;A. Magalhães;R. Mormul;F. Pelicice;L. Bezerra;M. Orsi;M. Petrere;J. Vitule
通讯作者：
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DOI：
--
发表时间：
2020
期刊：
影响因子：
--
作者：
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通讯作者：
R. Panosso
影响因子：
16.2
作者：
R. Walker;C. Simmons;E. Arima;Yankuic M. Galván;A. Antunes;M. Waylen;Maíra Irigaray
通讯作者：
Maíra Irigaray
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影响因子：
2.7
作者：
L. Ferrante;P. Fearnside
通讯作者：
P. Fearnside
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影响因子：
10.4
作者：
L. B. Lima;F. J. M. Oliveira;H. Giacomini;D. P. Lima
通讯作者：
D. P. Lima