Recognizing, defining, and representing problems.
Recognizing, defining, and representing problems.
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识别、定义和表述问题。
DOI：
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发表时间：
2003
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
R. Sternberg
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
J. Pretz;A. Naples;R. Sternberg
你目前正在努力解决生活中的哪些问题？我们中的大多数人都有被摆在我们面前的问题（例如，我们的上级领导）。但我们也认识到自己的问题（例如，你可能已经注意到你工作的城市需要额外的停车位）。在确定问题的存在之后，我们必须确定其范围和目标。停车位的问题通常被视为需要更多的停车场或停车库。然而，为了创造性地解决这个问题，将其重新定义为工作日期间太多车辆需要坐在其中的空间的问题可能是有用的。在这种情况下，你可能会被提示重新定义这个问题：你决定在使用市中心停车场的人中组织一次拼车，并使用这些私人拥有的车辆建立白天的本地出租车服务。因此，你解决问题的方式不是你最初提出的方式，而是你后来重新思考的方式。解决问题通常不是从对问题的明确陈述开始的;相反，大多数问题必须在环境中识别出来，然后必须在头脑中定义和表现出来。本章的重点是解决问题的早期阶段：问题识别、问题定义和问题表征。解决问题的循环心理学家用循环来描述解决问题的过程（Bransford & Stein，1993; Hayes，1989;斯滕贝格，1986）。
What are the problems that you are currently trying to solve in your life? Most of us have problems that have been posed to us (e.g., assignments from our supervisors). But we also recognize problems on our own (e.g., you might have noticed the need for additional parking space in the city where you work). After identifying the existence of a problem, we must define its scope and goals. The problem of parking space is often seen as a need for more parking lots or parking garages. However, in order to solve this problem creatively, it may be useful to turn it around and redefine it as a problem of too many vehicles requiring a space in which to sit during the workday. In that case, you may be prompted to redefine the problem: You decide to organize a carpool among people who use downtown parking lots and institute a daytime local taxi service using these privately owned vehicles. Thus, you solve the problem not as you originally posed it but as you later reconceived it. Problem solving does not usually begin with a clear statement of the problem; rather, most problems must be identified in the environment; then they must be defined and represented mentally. The focus of this chapter is on these early stages of problem solving: problem recognition, problem definition, and problem representation. THE PROBLEM-SOLVING CYCLE Psychologists have described the problem-solving process in terms of a cycle (Bransford & Stein, 1993; Hayes, 1989; Sternberg, 1986).
DOI：
10.1037/0003-066x.56.9.717
发表时间：
2001-09
期刊：
The American psychologist
影响因子：
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作者：
K. Ochsner;Matthew D. Lieberman
通讯作者：
K. Ochsner;Matthew D. Lieberman