Blood cadmium by race/hispanic origin: The role of smoking.
Blood cadmium by race/hispanic origin: The role of smoking.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.envres.2017.02.016
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发表时间：
2017-05
影响因子：
8.3
通讯作者：
Mortensen ME
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Aoki Y;Yee J;Mortensen ME
人们越来越担心低水平接触镉对健康的影响，特别是对骨骼和肾脏的影响。探讨成人血镉的年龄调整几何平均值如何随美国成年人的种族/西班牙裔、性别和吸烟状况而变化，以及吸烟强度可能在多大程度上解释不同种族/拉美裔血镉的差异，吸烟是已知的镉暴露的主要来源。我们的样本包括2011-2014年间国家健康和营养检查调查(NHANES)的7368名成年人。通过直接的年龄调整，使用区间回归估计了按种族/西班牙裔出身、吸烟状况和性别定义的亚组的血镉几何平均数和每天吸烟的数量，这使得在存在左右审查的情况下可以进行平均值估计。在从不吸烟和曾经吸烟的男性和女性中，非西班牙裔亚裔成年人的血镉往往高于其他种族/拉美裔成年人。在目前吸烟者中，他们的血镉水平通常高于从未吸烟者和以前吸烟者，非西班牙裔白人、黑人和亚裔成年人的血镉水平与西班牙裔成年人相似。另一项分析显示，与其他种族/拉美裔群体的成年人相比，非西班牙裔白人成年人的吸烟强度往往最高，无论性别。观察到的模式为吸烟是镉暴露的主要来源提供了证据，但吸烟以外的其他因素似乎也导致非西班牙裔亚洲成年人的血镉水平较高。
There have been increasing concerns over health effects of low level exposure to cadmium, especially those on bones and kidneys. To explore how age-adjusted geometric means of blood cadmium in adults varied by race/Hispanic origin, sex, and smoking status among U.S. adults and the extent to which the difference in blood cadmium by race/Hispanic origin and sex may be explained by intensity of smoking, a known major source of cadmium exposure. Our sample included 7,368 adults from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011-2014. With direct age adjustment, geometric means of blood cadmium and number of cigarettes smoked per day were estimated for subgroups defined by race/Hispanic origin, smoking status, and sex using interval regression, which allows mean estimation in the presence of left- and right-censoring. Among never and former smoking men and women, blood cadmium tended to be higher for non-Hispanic Asian adults than adults of other race/Hispanic origin. Among current smokers, who generally had higher blood cadmium than never and former smokers, non-Hispanic white, black, and Asian adults had similarly elevated blood cadmium compared to Hispanic adults. A separate analysis revealed that non-Hispanic white adults tended to have the highest smoking intensity regardless of sex, than adults of the other race/Hispanic origin groups. The observed pattern provided evidence for smoking as a major source of cadmium exposure, yet factors other than smoking also appeared to contribute to higher blood cadmium of non-Hispanic Asian adults.
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影响因子：
10.4
作者：
Åkesson A;Barregard L;Bergdahl IA;Nordberg GF;Nordberg M;Skerfving S
通讯作者：
Skerfving S
影响因子：
5.8
作者：
Lee, Chung Soo;Lim, Young Wook;Shin, Dong Chun
通讯作者：
Shin, Dong Chun
影响因子：
6.3
作者：
JARUP, L;ROGENFELT, A;KJELLSTROM, T
通讯作者：
KJELLSTROM, T
影响因子：
--
作者：
Batres-Marquez, S. Patricia;Jensen, Helen H.;Upton, Julie
通讯作者：
Upton, Julie
影响因子：
9.8
作者：
Begona Zubero, Miren;Jose Aurrekoetxea, Juan;Ramon Saenz, Jose
通讯作者：
Ramon Saenz, Jose