Autonomic cardiac innervation: development and adult plasticity.
Autonomic cardiac innervation: development and adult plasticity.
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DOI：
10.4161/org.24892
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发表时间：
2013-07
期刊：
影响因子：
2.3
通讯作者：
Hasan W
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Hasan W
心脏自主神经元有一个共同的起源在神经嵴，但经历不同的发展分化，因为他们成熟到他们的成年表型。祖细胞在迁移过程中对排斥性线索作出反应，然后是来自旁分泌来源的促进神经化学和分化的分化线索。当自主神经轴突开始支配心脏组织时，来自血管组织的神经营养因子对于神经元到达其靶点之前的维持是必不可少的，之后靶源性营养因子接管最终成熟、突触强度和出生后存活。虽然靶源性神经营养因子在发育中起着重要作用，但神经营养因子的替代来源也可能调节神经支配。发育和成年交感神经元表达proNGF，成年副交感心神经节神经元也合成和释放NGF。这些“非经典”的心脏来源的神经营养因子的生理功能仍有待确定，特别是在自分泌/旁分泌的发育过程中的支持。 心脏自主神经在心脏丛、神经节和起搏区中空间上紧密相关，因此对来自邻近神经的神经递质、神经肽和营养因子的释放敏感。因此，在许多心脏病中，自主系统的两臂内的不平衡对于疾病进展是至关重要的。虽然这种交感神经和副交感神经之间的串扰已经很好地建立了成人神经，目前还不清楚是否有一定程度的旁分泌调节发生在整个自主肢体的发展。异常神经重塑在许多成人心血管疾病中是常见的，并且调节生长或去神经支配的机制是不同的。然而，自主神经元在这方面显示出相当大的可塑性，神经营养因子和炎性细胞因子具有中枢调节功能，包括可能的神经递质变化。当然，神经营养因子和细胞因子调节成年自主神经元中的转录因子，这些转录因子在发育中具有重要的分化作用。特别是对于副交感心神经节神经元，发育调节机制的额外检查将可能有助于理解在许多情况下，包括心力衰竭，副交感神经功能减弱。
Autonomic cardiac neurons have a common origin in the neural crest but undergo distinct developmental differentiation as they mature toward their adult phenotype. Progenitor cells respond to repulsive cues during migration, followed by differentiation cues from paracrine sources that promote neurochemistry and differentiation. When autonomic axons start to innervate cardiac tissue, neurotrophic factors from vascular tissue are essential for maintenance of neurons before they reach their targets, upon which target-derived trophic factors take over final maturation, synaptic strength and postnatal survival. Although target-derived neurotrophins have a central role to play in development, alternative sources of neurotrophins may also modulate innervation. Both developing and adult sympathetic neurons express proNGF, and adult parasympathetic cardiac ganglion neurons also synthesize and release NGF. The physiological function of these “non-classical” cardiac sources of neurotrophins remains to be determined, especially in relation to autocrine/paracrine sustenance during development. Cardiac autonomic nerves are closely spatially associated in cardiac plexuses, ganglia and pacemaker regions and so are sensitive to release of neurotransmitter, neuropeptides and trophic factors from adjacent nerves. As such, in many cardiac pathologies, it is an imbalance within the two arms of the autonomic system that is critical for disease progression. Although this crosstalk between sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves has been well established for adult nerves, it is unclear whether a degree of paracrine regulation occurs across the autonomic limbs during development. Aberrant nerve remodeling is a common occurrence in many adult cardiovascular pathologies, and the mechanisms regulating outgrowth or denervation are disparate. However, autonomic neurons display considerable plasticity in this regard with neurotrophins and inflammatory cytokines having a central regulatory function, including in possible neurotransmitter changes. Certainly, neurotrophins and cytokines regulate transcriptional factors in adult autonomic neurons that have vital differentiation roles in development. Particularly for parasympathetic cardiac ganglion neurons, additional examinations of developmental regulatory mechanisms will potentially aid in understanding attenuated parasympathetic function in a number of conditions, including heart failure.
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影响因子：
2.9
作者：
Alston EN;Parrish DC;Hasan W;Tharp K;Pahlmeyer L;Habecker BA
通讯作者：
Habecker BA
影响因子：
5.3
作者：
Ben-Zvi, Ayal;Ben-Gigi, Liat;Behar, Oded
通讯作者：
Behar, Oded
影响因子：
3.4
作者：
Al-Shawi, Raya;Hafner, Angela;Cowen, Timothy
通讯作者：
Cowen, Timothy
影响因子：
--
作者：
ARDELL, JL;RANDALL, WC
通讯作者：
RANDALL, WC
DOI：
10.1097/dbp.0b013e3182331fa6
发表时间：
2011-11-01
影响因子：
2.4
作者：
Alkon, Abbey;Boyce, W. Thomas;Eskenazi, Brenda
通讯作者：
Eskenazi, Brenda