Glutamine synthetase: a tumor suppressor in hepatocellular carcinoma?

Glutamine synthetase: a tumor suppressor in hepatocellular carcinoma?
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DOI:
10.1093/jmcb/mjad007
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发表时间:
2023-06-01
影响因子:
5.5
通讯作者:
--
中科院分区:
生物学1区
文献类型:
--
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谷氨酰胺(Gln)是血液循环中最丰富的游离氨基酸。除了作为一种蛋白质生成氨基酸外,它还具有多方面的功能,作为必需代谢物(包括核苷酸、己糖胺和脂肪酸)生物合成的氮和碳供体,通过为三羧酸循环提供燃料、调节氧化还原平衡和刺激雷帕霉素复合物1 (mTORC1)的机制靶点来促进能量产生(Altman等人,2016;Bott等人,2019a)。癌细胞对Gln有很高的需求,以支持其恶性生长,这可以通过增加Gln转运蛋白的表达来满足,以促进其从肿瘤微环境中摄取(Nicklin et al., 2009)。在细胞外Gln供应有限的情况下,如血管化不良的癌症,包括乳腺癌和胰腺导管腺癌(PDAC),细胞自主Gln合成开始。在哺乳动物中,谷氨酰胺可由氨和谷氨酸(Glu)合成,由谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)催化,也称为谷氨酸铵连接酶(GLUL)。鉴于癌细胞对谷氨酰胺的需求增加,
Glutamine (Gln) is the most abundant free amino acid in the circulation. In addition to being a proteinogenic amino acid, it has multifaceted functions by serving as a nitrogen and carbon donor for the biosynthesis of essential metabolites, including nucleotides, hexosamines, and fatty acids, contributing to energy production via fueling the tricarboxylic acid cycle, regulating the redox balance, and stimulating mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1)( Altman et al., 2016; Bott et al., 2019a). Cancer cells have a high demand for Gln to support their malignant growth, which can be met by an increased expression of Gln transporter to facilitate its uptake from the tumor microenvironment (Nicklin et al., 2009). In a situation where extracellular supply of Gln is limited, such as in poorly vascularized cancers including breast cancer and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma(PDAC), cell autonomous Gln synthesis kicks in. In mammals, Gln can be synthesized from ammonium and glutamate (Glu), catalyzed by glutamine synthetase (GS), also named glutamate ammonium ligase (GLUL). In light of the increased demand of Gln in cancer cells,
DOI: 10.1172/jci161408
发表时间: 2022-12-15
影响因子: 15.9
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DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2022.06.010
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DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-09-1978
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DOI: 10.1038/nrc.2016.71
发表时间: 2016-10
期刊: Nature reviews. Cancer
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DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.09.056
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期刊: CELL REPORTS
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