Nature, extent and ecological implications of night-time light from road vehicles.
Nature, extent and ecological implications of night-time light from road vehicles.
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DOI：
10.1111/1365-2664.13157
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发表时间：
2018-09
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Holt LA
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Gaston KJ;Holt LA
人工照明的引入对夜间的侵蚀对自然环境构成了巨大的压力。它改变了数千年来用于调节许多生物过程的自然光周期的可靠信号，影响范围从基因表达的变化到生态系统过程。对这些影响的研究几乎完全集中在固定光源，特别是路灯造成的影响上。然而，移动的源，特别是道路车辆前灯，造成大量额外排放。汽车前灯发出的光对生态的影响可能特别大，因为这些光（1）集中在路边，以比其他光源通常经历的更高的强度照亮路边，远高于许多生物过程的激活阈值;（2）大部分在水平面上投射，因此可以传播很长的距离;（3）引入比体验街道照明更大面积的景观;（4）通常宽的“白色”光谱，其基本上与许多生物过程的作用光谱重叠，以及（5）在路边经常经历为一系列光脉冲（由车辆通过产生），这是一种已知具有重大生物影响的动态。道路车辆前灯的生态影响将随着预计的全球车辆数量和道路网络的增长而显著增加，增加当地排放的严重性（因为车辆数量的增长快于道路网络的增长），并将排放引入以前没有排放的地区。技术的发展将进一步加剧这种影响，因为技术的发展增加了前灯排放的强度和发射光谱中蓝光的数量。 合成与应用。汽车前灯的排放需要被视为人工夜间照明对生态影响的主要且不断增长的来源。要尽量减少这些影响，同时平衡驾驶者在夜间的需要，避免其他道路使用者的风险和不适，将是一个重大挑战。尽管如此，仍然有可能通过车头灯和道路的设计找到解决这些冲突的办法。汽车前灯的排放需要被视为人工夜间照明对生态影响的主要且不断增长的来源。要尽量减少这些影响，同时平衡驾驶者在夜间的需要，避免其他道路使用者的风险和不适，将是一个重大挑战。尽管如此，仍然有可能通过车头灯和道路的设计找到解决这些冲突的办法。
The erosion of night‐time by the introduction of artificial lighting constitutes a profound pressure on the natural environment. It has altered what had for millennia been reliable signals from natural light cycles used for regulating a host of biological processes, with impacts ranging from changes in gene expression to ecosystem processes. Studies of these impacts have focused almost exclusively on those resulting from stationary sources of light emissions, and particularly streetlights. However, mobile sources, especially road vehicle headlights, contribute substantial additional emissions. The ecological impacts of light emissions from vehicle headlights are likely to be especially high because these are (1) focused so as to light roadsides at higher intensities than commonly experienced from other sources, and well above activation thresholds for many biological processes; (2) projected largely in a horizontal plane and thus can carry over long distances; (3) introduced into much larger areas of the landscape than experience street lighting; (4) typically broad “white” spectrum, which substantially overlaps the action spectra of many biological processes and (5) often experienced at roadsides as series of pulses of light (produced by passage of vehicles), a dynamic known to have major biological impacts. The ecological impacts of road vehicle headlights will markedly increase with projected global growth in numbers of vehicles and the road network, increasing the local severity of emissions (because vehicle numbers are increasing faster than growth in the road network) and introducing emissions into areas from which they were previously absent. The effects will be further exacerbated by technological developments that are increasing the intensity of headlight emissions and the amounts of blue light in emission spectra. Synthesis and applications. Emissions from vehicle headlights need to be considered as a major, and growing, source of ecological impacts of artificial night‐time lighting. It will be a significant challenge to minimise these impacts whilst balancing drivers' needs at night and avoiding risk and discomfort for other road users. Nonetheless, there is potential to identify solutions to these conflicts, both through the design of headlights and that of roads. Emissions from vehicle headlights need to be considered as a major, and growing, source of ecological impacts of artificial night‐time lighting. It will be a significant challenge to minimise these impacts whilst balancing drivers' needs at night and avoiding risk and discomfort for other road users. Nonetheless, there is potential to identify solutions to these conflicts, both through the design of headlights and that of roads.
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