A review of protocols for human iPSC culture, cardiac differentiation, subtype-specification, maturation, and direct reprogramming.

The methods for the culture and cardiomyocyte differentiation of human embryonic stem cells, and later human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC), have moved from a complex and uncontrolled systems to simplified and relatively robust protocols, using the knowledge and cues gathered at each step. HiPSC-derived cardiomyocytes have proven to be a useful tool in human disease modelling, drug discovery, developmental biology, and regenerative medicine. In this protocol review, we will highlight the evolution of protocols associated with hPSC culture, cardiomyocyte differentiation, sub-type specification, and cardiomyocyte maturation. We also discuss protocols for somatic cell direct reprogramming to cardiomyocyte-like cells. The methods for the culture and cardiomyocyte differentiation of human embryonic stem cells, and later human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC), have moved from a complex and uncontrolled systems to simplified and relatively robust protocols, using the knowledge and cues gathered at each step. HiPSC-derived cardiomyocytes have proven to be a useful tool in human disease modelling, drug discovery, developmental biology, and regenerative medicine. In this protocol review, we will highlight the evolution of protocols associated with hPSC culture, cardiomyocyte differentiation, sub-type specification, and cardiomyocyte maturation. We also discuss protocols for somatic cell direct reprogramming to cardiomyocyte-like cells.

人类胚胎干细胞以及后来的人类诱导多能干细胞（hiPSC）的培养和心肌细胞分化方法，利用在每一步骤中收集到的知识和线索，已经从复杂且不受控制的体系发展为简化且相对稳健的操作流程。hiPSC衍生的心肌细胞已被证明是人类疾病建模、药物研发、发育生物学和再生医学中的有用工具。在本操作流程综述中，我们将重点介绍与人类多能干细胞（hPSC）培养、心肌细胞分化、亚型确定以及心肌细胞成熟相关的操作流程的演变。我们还将讨论体细胞直接重编程为心肌样细胞的操作流程。