Geological Characterization of Ferromanganese Crust Deposits in the NW Pacific Seamounts for Prudent Deep-Sea Mining
Geological Characterization of Ferromanganese Crust Deposits in the NW Pacific Seamounts for Prudent Deep-Sea Mining
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西北太平洋海山铁锰结壳矿床的地质特征，以便谨慎进行深海采矿
DOI：
10.1007/978-3-030-87982-2_4
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发表时间：
2022
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Suzuki K.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Usui A.;Suzuki K.
我们回顾了对西北太平洋水成铁锰结壳的现场海底调查和地球科学分析的最新结果，并试图从科学认识过程和环境的角度确定控制矿床多样性的参数，以用于未来的深海采矿。我们确定，氧化海水、古老稳定的岩石基底、没有或缺乏沉积或生产力是高品位富集型矿床的最佳条件。从我们的观察和分析中证实了以下物理化学和地质过程：(1)在所有水深区以数μm/Kyr的速度超缓慢且相当连续地生长超过10Myr；(2)最初析出结晶较差的钒钛矿(Fe/Mn约为1，X-射线衍射两次扩散)，现在形成球状形貌，作为结壳的最终组分；以及(3)氧最小带附近的最高钴浓度。此外，结壳的微观地层学表明，当水深范围相同时，来自偏远地区的结壳在微米或毫米尺度上的构造带、矿物学和化学成分惊人地相似。因此，可以合理地预期区域范围内的丰度和等级的连续性。地质特征和考虑对于了解矿物多样性和评估经济潜力和分布至关重要。
We review recent results of onsite seabed surveys and geoscientific analyses of hydrogenetic ferromanganese crusts in the northwestern Pacific and attempt to identify the controlling parameters of the diversity of the deposits in terms of scientific understanding of processes and environments to be applied for future deep-sea mining. We ascertained that oxidizing seawater, old and stable rock substrates, and no or scarce sedimentation or productivity, are optimal conditions for high-grade abundant deposits. The following physicochemical and geological processes were verified from our observations and analyses: (1) ultra-slow and fairly continuous growth at a rate of several μm/kyr in all water-depth zones for more than 10 Myr; (2) initial precipitation of poorly crystalline vernadite (Fe/Mn around one with two diffused X-ray diffraction) now forming coccoid-like morphology as a final constituent to comprise the crusts, and (3) the highest Co concentration around the oxygen minimum zone. Moreover, the microstratigraphy of crusts indicates surprisingly similar structural zones, mineralogy, and chemistry on micron- or millimeter-scales among those from remote areas when the water-depth range is the same. Thus, continuity in abundance and grade at the regional scale can be reasonably expected. Geological characterization and consideration are essential for understanding mineral diversity and evaluating the economic potential and distribution.
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