Toddlers' prosocial behavior: from instrumental to empathic to altruistic helping.

Toddlers' prosocial behavior: from instrumental to empathic to altruistic helping.
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DOI:
10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01512.x
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发表时间:
2010-11
期刊:
影响因子:
4.6
通讯作者:
Brownell CA
Brownell CA
中科院分区:
心理学1区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Svetlova M;Nichols SR;Brownell CA

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该研究探讨了亲社会行为的意义在幼儿时期是如何变化的。65个18个月和30个月大的婴儿可以在三种情况下帮助成年人:工具性(基于行动)、移情性(基于情感)和利他性(昂贵)。两个年龄段的孩子都乐于帮助完成工具性任务。对于18个月大的婴儿来说,移情帮助明显比工具性帮助困难得多,并且需要成年人就其需求进行更多的沟通。无私的帮助,包括放弃孩子自己的东西,对两个年龄段的孩子来说都是最困难的。研究结果表明,在生命的第二年,亲社会行为从依赖行为理解和明确的沟通发展到通过微妙的线索理解他人的情绪。讨论了社会理解的发展轨迹和早期帮助的动机成分。
The study explored how the meaning of prosocial behavior changes over toddlerhood. Sixty-five 18- and 30-month-olds could help an adult in three contexts: instrumental (action-based), empathic (emotion-based) and altruistic (costly). Children at both ages helped readily in instrumental tasks. For 18-month-olds, empathic helping was significantly more difficult than instrumental helping and required greater communication from the adult about her needs. Altruistic helping, which involved giving up an object of the child's own, was the most difficult for children at both ages. Findings suggest that over the second year of life, prosocial behavior develops from relying on action understanding and explicit communications to understanding others' emotions from subtle cues. Developmental trajectories of social-understanding and motivational components of early helping are discussed.
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