Growth and defense characteristics of whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var latifolia) in a high-elevation, disturbance-prone mixed-conifer forest in northwestern Montana, USA
Growth and defense characteristics of whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var latifolia) in a high-elevation, disturbance-prone mixed-conifer forest in northwestern Montana, USA
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美国蒙大拿州西北部高海拔、易受干扰的混交针叶林中白皮松 (Pinus albicaulis) 和黑松 (Pinus contorta var latifolia) 的生长和防御特性
DOI：
10.1016/j.foreco.2021.119286
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发表时间：
2021
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Pederson, Gregory T.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Kichas, Nickolas E.;Trowbridge, Amy M.;Raffa, Kenneth F.;Malone, Shealyn C.;Hood, Sharon M.;Everett, Richard G.;McWethy, David B.;Pederson, Gregory T.
最近，在美国西部广泛的树木死亡率导致气候，病原体，昆虫活动和森林管理措施的变化，导致了许多生态和文化上重要的物种的关注。在针叶树中，基于树脂的防御长期以来被认为是对抗各种昆虫和病原体的主要防御机制。由树木产生的油树脂含有复杂的萜类化合物混合物，具有许多杀虫和杀真菌特性。研究还确定了树脂管特性与树皮甲虫爆发期间生存概率增加之间的联系。白皮松（Pinus albicaulis）是一种具有重要文化意义的高海拔树种，在亚高山和高山生态系统中提供许多生态服务。白皮松与一系列生物和非生物干扰共同进化。个别树木分配资源的增长和树脂为基础的防御，使其成为一个很好的候选物种，以评估增长和防御的关系和权衡。在这项研究中，我们比较了构成树脂化学，树木生长和树脂导管解剖相似的年龄白树皮和lodgepole松（P. contortavarlatifolia）生长在附近的干扰，混合针叶林在蒙大拿州西北部。这两个宿主物种有不同程度的历史暴露于山松甲虫。我们的研究得出了四个重要发现。首先，我们没有发现树木生长和树木防御（树脂导管形态和树脂化学）之间的权衡的证据。这表明，在有利的田间条件下生长的树木可以经历高生长率，并且仍然分配充足的资源用于防御。其次，我们发现，黑松的树脂道与组成型单萜和倍半萜不相关，而白皮松的树脂道产量和面积与组成型单萜呈正相关，树脂道大小和面积与组成型倍半萜呈正相关。这些防御功能之间缺乏明显的，一致的关系表明，无论是白树皮和lodgepole松树目前甲虫与众多的，复杂的组合树脂为基础的防御。第三，根据组成性萜烯谱，小皮甲虫更有可能进入黑松，但更有可能成功地在白皮松中引发大规模攻击，这与实地观察到的甲虫攻击和成功模式一致。第四，overstory竞争，特别是恩格尔曼云杉（云杉），可以影响树的防御，特别是通过减少组成萜烯浓度在火炬松和白皮松。竞争性树木的相互作用可能会导致改变树皮甲虫针叶树的相互作用作为主机和非主机物种迁移，应对气候变化。我们的研究结果表明，旨在支持白皮松种群的策略可以受益于更好地了解生长，竞争和物理和化学防御之间的相互作用，以应对多种干扰。
Recent, widespread tree mortality in the western U.S. resulting from changes in climate, pathogens, insect activity, and forest management practices has led to concerns for many ecologically and culturally important species. Within conifers, resin-based defenses have long been recognized as a primary defense mechanism against a variety of insects and pathogens. Oleoresin produced by trees contain complex mixtures of terpenoids that have numerous insecticidal and fungicidal properties. Research has also identified links between resin duct characteristics and increased probability of survival during bark beetle outbreaks. Whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) is a culturally significant high elevation species that provides numerous ecological services within subalpine and alpine ecosystems. Whitebark pine has co-evolved with a suite of biotic and abiotic disturbances. Individual trees allocate resources towards growth and resin-based defenses, making it a good candidate species to evaluate growth and defense relationships and tradeoffs. In this study we compared constitutive resin chemistry, tree growth and resin duct anatomy between similarly aged whitebark and lodgepole pine (P. contortavarlatifolia) growing in proximity within a disturbance-prone, mixed-conifer forest in northwestern Montana. These two host species have varying degrees of historical exposure to mountain pine beetle. Our research yields four important findings. First, we did not find evidence of a tradeoff between tree growth and tree defenses (resin duct morphology and resin chemistry). This suggests that trees growing under favorable field conditions can experience high growth rates and still allocate ample resources towards defense. Second, we found that resin ducts and constitutive mono- and sesqui- terpenes were not correlated in lodgepole pine while duct production and area were positively related to constitutive monoterpenes, and duct size and area were positively related to constitutive sesquiterpenes, in whitebark pine. The lack of distinct, consistent relationships between these defensive features suggests that both whitebark and lodgepole pine trees present beetles with numerous, complex combinations of resin-based defenses. Third, based on constitutive terpene profiles, bark beetles are more likely to enter lodgepole pine but more likely to successfully elicit mass attacks in whitebark pine, which agrees with beetle attack and success patterns observed in the field. Fourth, overstory competition, particularly by Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii), can influence tree defenses, specifically by reducing constitutive terpene concentrations in lodgepole and whitebark pine. Competitive tree interactions could lead to altered bark beetle-conifer interactions as host and nonhost species migrate in response to changing climate. Our results suggest that strategies designed to support whitebark pine populations can benefit from better understanding interactions among growth, competition and physical and chemical defenses in response to multiple disturbance.
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