Bioaccessibility, bioavailability and toxicity of commercially relevant iron- and chromium-based particles: in vitro studies with an inhalation perspective.
Bioaccessibility, bioavailability and toxicity of commercially relevant iron- and chromium-based particles: in vitro studies with an inhalation perspective.
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DOI：
10.1186/1743-8977-7-23
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发表时间：
2010-09-03
影响因子：
10
通讯作者：
Odnevall Wallinder I
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Hedberg Y;Gustafsson J;Karlsson HL;Möller L;Odnevall Wallinder I
铬铁合金（FeCr）是不锈钢制造的主合金，其生产涉及铸造和粉碎过程，其中颗粒不可避免地会通过空气传播并可能被吸入。本研究的目的是利用体外方法评估吸入不同粒径的铁基和铬基颗粒（即铬铁（FeCr）、硅铁（FeSiCr）、不锈钢（316L）、铁（Fe）、铬（Cr）和氧化铬（Cr2O3））所引起的潜在健康危害。这是通过评估合成生物培养基中释放的金属的程度和形态以及分析颗粒的反应性和对培养的人肺细胞的毒性来完成的（A549）。所有合金颗粒的金属释放量均随颗粒尺寸的减小而增加，而纯金属颗粒的金属释放量则相反。这些效应在pH为4.5的人工溶酶体液（ALF）中表现明显，而在中性或弱碱性生物培养基中则不明显。铬、铁和镍从所有合金颗粒中释放到很低的程度，由于存在富Cr（III）的保护表面氧化物，铬、铁和镍也从Cr颗粒中释放出来。在被调查的168小时暴露后，释放的元素既不与体积成正比，也不与表面成分成正比。由于表面氧化物的保护性能较差，与合金相比，纯铁颗粒释放出的铁明显更多。Cr主要以Cr（III）的形式从所研究的所有颗粒中释放出来，并与ALF的有机组分强络合。Cr2O3颗粒具有溶血活性，而合金颗粒没有。然而，细尺寸的不锈钢颗粒在暴露4小时后用彗星测定法测量DNA损伤。暴露24小时后，没有任何颗粒显示出明显的细胞毒性。显然，与纯金属颗粒相比，在评估颗粒毒性和合金颗粒的金属释放时，颗粒和合金的特征，如颗粒大小和表面成分，是需要考虑的重要方面。产生的结果清楚地表明，除了不锈钢的DNA损伤外，主要由保护性和难溶性表面氧化物引起的低浓度金属释放、非生物可利用的铬配合物以及与职业相关的颗粒本身都不会引起显著的急性毒性反应。
Production of ferrochromium alloys (FeCr), master alloys for stainless steel manufacture, involves casting and crushing processes where particles inevitably become airborne and potentially inhaled. The aim of this study was to assess potential health hazards induced by inhalation of different well-characterized iron- and chromium-based particles, i.e. ferrochromium (FeCr), ferrosiliconchromium (FeSiCr), stainless steel (316L), iron (Fe), chromium (Cr), and chromium(III)oxide (Cr2O3), in different size fractions using in vitro methods. This was done by assessing the extent and speciation of released metals in synthetic biological medium and by analyzing particle reactivity and toxicity towards cultured human lung cells (A549). The amount of released metals normalized to the particle surface area increased with decreasing particle size for all alloy particles, whereas the opposite situation was valid for particles of the pure metals. These effects were evident in artificial lysosomal fluid (ALF) of pH 4.5 containing complexing agents, but not in neutral or weakly alkaline biological media. Chromium, iron and nickel were released to very low extent from all alloy particles, and from particles of Cr due to the presence of a Cr(III)-rich protective surface oxide. Released elements were neither proportional to the bulk nor to the surface composition after the investigated 168 hours of exposure. Due to a surface oxide with less protective properties, significantly more iron was released from pure iron particles compared with the alloys. Cr was predominantly released as Cr(III) from all particles investigated and was strongly complexed by organic species of ALF. Cr2O3 particles showed hemolytic activity, but none of the alloy particles did. Fine-sized particles of stainless steel caused however DNA damage, measured with the comet assay after 4 h exposure. None of the particles revealed any significant cytotoxicity in terms of cell death after 24 h exposure. It is evident that particle and alloy characteristics such as particle size and surface composition are important aspects to consider when assessing particle toxicity and metal release from alloy particles compared to pure metal particles. Generated results clearly elucidate that neither the low released concentrations of metals primarily as a result of protective and poorly soluble surface oxides, nor non-bioavailable chromium complexes, nor the particles themselves of occupational relevance induced significant acute toxic response, with exception of DNA damage from stainless steel.
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影响因子：
5.2
作者：
DeCarlo, PF;Slowik, JG;Jimenez, JL
通讯作者：
Jimenez, JL
影响因子：
4.1
作者：
Karlsson, Hanna L.;Holgersson, Asa;Moeller, Lennart
通讯作者：
Moeller, Lennart
影响因子：
4.1
作者：
Karlsson, HL;Nilsson, L;Möller, L
通讯作者：
Möller, L
影响因子：
3.5
作者：
Karlsson, Hanna L.;Gustafsson, Johanna;Moller, Lennart
通讯作者：
Moller, Lennart
影响因子：
3.9
作者：
Femenia, M;Pan, J;Leygraf, C
通讯作者：
Leygraf, C