Barrier requirements as the evolutionary "driver" of epidermal pigmentation in humans.
Barrier requirements as the evolutionary "driver" of epidermal pigmentation in humans.
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DOI：
10.1002/ajhb.21043
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发表时间：
2010-07
影响因子：
2.9
通讯作者：
Williams, John (Jack) W.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Elias, Peter M.;Menon, Gopinathan;Wetzel, Bruce K.;Williams, John (Jack) W.
目前对人类进化过程中表皮色素沉着的解释不能作为独立的假说。因此，我们评估了干旱和紫外线B诱导的对在陆地环境中生存至关重要的表皮通透性屏障的压力是否可能“驱动”了表皮色素沉着的发展。(1)当原始人扩展到开阔的大草原时，中非盛行大干旱[150万-80万年前]，导致持续暴露在极端干旱和致红斑的UV-B下，这与120万年前色素形成≈的遗传证据有关。(2)有色素的皮肤具有增强的渗透屏障功能，角质层完整性/凝聚力增强，对感染的敏感性降低。色素皮肤功能的增强可归因于外表皮较低的pH值，可能是由于(更酸性的)黑素小体持续进入外表皮，以及与真黑素合成和黑素小体酸化相关的基因(如TYR、OCA2[p蛋白]、SLC24A5、SLC45A2、MATP)在色素群体中的保守。5种角质形成细胞来源的信号(干细胞因子⇒试剂盒；FOXN1NGFGF2；IL-1⇒α、NGF和P53)是潜在的候选信号，可以刺激表皮色素沉着的顺序发展，以响应应激对屏障的反应。我们在这里总结了早期原始人的表皮毛囊间色素沉着可能是由于应激而进化到通透性屏障的证据。
Current explanations for the development of epidermal pigmentation during human evolution are not tenable as stand-alone hypotheses. Accordingly, we assessed instead whether xeric- and UV-B-induced stress to the epidermal permeability barrier, critical to survival in a terrestrial environment, could have “driven” the development of epidermal pigmentation. (1) Megadroughts prevailed in central Africa when hominids expanded into open savannahs [≈1.5–0.8 million years ago], resulting in sustained exposure to both extreme aridity and erythemogenic UV-B, correlating with genetic evidence that pigment developed ≈1.2 million years ago. (2) Pigmented skin is endowed with enhanced permeability barrier function, stratum corneum integrity/cohesion, and a reduced susceptibility to infections. The enhanced function of pigmented skin can be attributed to the lower pH of the outer epidermis, likely due to the persistence of (more-acidic) melanosomes into the outer epidermis, as well as the conservation of genes associated with eumelanin synthesis and melanosome acidification (e.g., TYR, OCA2 [p protein], SLC24A5, SLC45A2, MATP) in pigmented populations. Five keratinocyte-derived signals (stem cell factor⇒KIT; FOXn1⇒FGF2; IL-1α, NGF, and p53) are potential candidates to have stimulated the sequential development of epidermal pigmentation in response to stress to the barrier. We summarize evidence here that epidermal interfollicular pigmentation in early hominids likely evolved in response to stress to the permeability barrier.
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