Visual Pathways and the Entrainment of Circadian Rhythms a
Visual Pathways and the Entrainment of Circadian Rhythms a
复制标题
视觉通路和昼夜节律的影响
DOI：
--
复制
发表时间：
1985
影响因子：
5.2
通讯作者：
J. Card
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
R. Moore;J. Card
太阳的昼夜循环是动物环境中最普遍的刺激。昼夜节律是动物适应环境的主要组成部分，决定了活动和进食的时间，以及许多物种的繁殖模式等事件。昼夜节律有两个基本特征。它们由内源性起搏器或“时钟”产生，以大约 24 小时的周期建立节律。在存在太阳的光明和黑暗周期或适当的人工替代物的情况下，节律被控制在 24 小时的周期内。在哺乳动物中，昼夜节律的产生和控制是由中枢神经系统介导的。这给昼夜节律神经生物学提出了两个重要问题。首先，昼夜节律起搏器在神经系统中的定位和组织是什么，它们是如何工作的？现在人们普遍认为下丘脑视交叉上核 (SCN) 是哺乳动物大脑中的昼夜节律起搏器（综述见参考文献 1、2、3）。将审查支持这一结论的证据。同样，我们将描述我们对哺乳动物 SCN 组织的了解的现状。然而，目前关于 SCN 如何充当昼夜节律起搏器的信息很少。目前可获得的数据表明，哺乳动物大脑中至少有两个昼夜节律起搏器。”但是，由于 SCN 是唯一已被识别的，因此这个问题将不再进一步讨论。其次，哺乳动物的昼夜节律需要完整的眼睛和中央视网膜投影。与夹带有关的问题很复杂，涉及足够刺激的性质、视网膜受体和神经节细胞的类型、中央视觉通路以及视觉输入对起搏器的作用机制等。目前可用的证据表明，直接视网膜投射，即视网膜下丘脑束（RHT），以及次级视觉投射，即膝下丘脑束
The solar cycle of day and night is the most pervasive stimulus in the environment of animals. Circadian rhythms are major components of animals adaptation to their environment, determining such events as the timing of activity and feeding and, for many species, the patterns of reproduction. Circadian rhythms are characterized by two essential features. They are generated by endogenous pacemakers, or “clocks,” that establish rhythms with a period that approximates 24 hours. In the presence of the solar cycle of light and dark, or an appropriate artificial substitute, the rhythms are entrained to a period of 24 hours. In mammals the generation and entrainment of circadian rhythms are mediated by the central nervous system; this raises two important issues for circadian rhythm neurobiology. First, what is the localization and organization of circadian pacemakers in the nervous system, and how do they work? It is now widely accepted that the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus (SCN) is a circadian pacemaker in the mammalian brain (see references 1, 2, 3 for reviews). The evidence supporting this conclusion will be reviewed. Similarly, the current status of our understanding of the organization of the mammalian SCN will be described. There is little information at present, however, about how the SCN functions as a circadian pacemaker. The data currently available indicate that there are a t least two circadian pacemakers in the mammalian brain’.’ but, as the S C N is the only one that has been identified, this issue will not be discussed further. Second, entrainment of circadian rhythms in mammals requires intact eyes and central retinal projections. The issues with respect to entrainment are complex and involve such things as the nature of an adequate stimulus, the types of retinal receptors and ganglion cells, the central visual pathways, and the mechanism of action of visual input upon the pacemaker. The evidence currently available indicates that a direct retinal projection, the retinohypothalamic tract (RHT), and a secondary visual projection, the geniculohypothalarnic
乙酰胆碱在介导光对生殖的影响中的作用。
DOI：
10.1126/science.6849121
发表时间：
1983
期刊：
Science (New York, N.Y.)
影响因子：
--
作者：
Earnest,DJ;Turek,FW
通讯作者：
Turek,FW