A reconsideration of the classification of the spider infraorder Mygalomorphae (Arachnida: Araneae) based on three nuclear genes and morphology.
A reconsideration of the classification of the spider infraorder Mygalomorphae (Arachnida: Araneae) based on three nuclear genes and morphology.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pone.0038753
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发表时间：
2012
期刊：
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Hedin M
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Bond JE;Hendrixson BE;Hamilton CA;Hedin M
次目Mygalomorphae（即，活门蜘蛛，狼蛛，漏斗网蜘蛛等）是蜘蛛的三个主要谱系之一。蜘蛛包括15科，325属，超过2600种，这是一个多样化的组合，保留了许多被认为是蜘蛛的原始特征。尽管其进化史可以追溯到下三叠纪，但相对而言，该群体在其系统发育和高级分类方面受到的关注较少。已发表的为数不多的系统发生学都有一个共同点，那就是这个群体的稳定分类方案仍未得到解决。我们在这里报告了使用rRNA基因18S和28S，核蛋白编码基因EF-1γ和形态特征矩阵对mygalomorph系统发育的重新评估。分类群取样包括所有15科58属的成员。我们对这些数据的系统发育分析支持了以下结果：(1)异型总科（即，直足类、异型类和甲胎类）是所有其他肌形类的姐妹单系类群；(2)甲蝇科、六蝇科、环蝇科、刺蝇科、刺蝇科和二蝇科不是单系的。微柱头虫科很可能归入涅墨蝇科。近一半的mygalomorph家族需要重新评估通用成分和位置。多谱系的cytaucheniidae家族是最有问题的，代表不少于四个不相关的谱系。在此基础上，提出了以下命名变化：(1)欧几尼科的建立（NEW RANK）；(2)在真蜂科中建立了Apomastinae亚科；(3) Kiama属向Nemesiidae科的转移。其他的变化包括重新限制了Domiothelina和theraphoso总科，以及建立了假狐猴目分支（Idiopidae +假狐猴科）。除了这些变化之外，我们还提出了一个“路线图”，用于未来跨次阶的采样，目的是解决许多阻碍mygalomorph系统分类的剩余问题。
The infraorder Mygalomorphae (i.e., trapdoor spiders, tarantulas, funnel web spiders, etc.) is one of three main lineages of spiders. Comprising 15 families, 325 genera, and over 2,600 species, the group is a diverse assemblage that has retained a number of features considered primitive for spiders. Despite an evolutionary history dating back to the lower Triassic, the group has received comparatively little attention with respect to its phylogeny and higher classification. The few phylogenies published all share the common thread that a stable classification scheme for the group remains unresolved. We report here a reevaluation of mygalomorph phylogeny using the rRNA genes 18S and 28S, the nuclear protein-coding gene EF-1γ, and a morphological character matrix. Taxon sampling includes members of all 15 families representing 58 genera. The following results are supported in our phylogenetic analyses of the data: (1) the Atypoidea (i.e., antrodiaetids, atypids, and mecicobothriids) is a monophyletic group sister to all other mygalomorphs; and (2) the families Mecicobothriidae, Hexathelidae, Cyrtaucheniidae, Nemesiidae, Ctenizidae, and Dipluridae are not monophyletic. The Microstigmatidae is likely to be subsumed into Nemesiidae. Nearly half of all mygalomorph families require reevaluation of generic composition and placement. The polyphyletic family Cyrtaucheniidae is most problematic, representing no fewer than four unrelated lineages. Based on these analyses we propose the following nomenclatural changes: (1) the establishment of the family Euctenizidae (NEW RANK); (2) establishment of the subfamily Apomastinae within the Euctenizidae; and (3) the transfer of the cyrtaucheniid genus Kiama to Nemesiidae. Additional changes include relimitation of Domiothelina and Theraphosoidea, and the establishment of the Euctenizoidina clade (Idiopidae + Euctenizidae). In addition to these changes, we propose a “road map” for future sampling across the infraorder with the aim of solving many remaining questions that hinder mygalomorph systematics.
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