Qualia: the geometry of integrated information.
Qualia: the geometry of integrated information.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000462
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发表时间：
2009-08
影响因子：
4.3
通讯作者：
Tononi G
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Balduzzi D;Tononi G
根据整合信息论，意识的数量是由复杂的元素生成的整合信息的数量，而体验的质量则由它生成的信息关系决定。本文概述了一个用于表征此类系统生成的信息关系的框架。感性空间 (Q) 是一个空间，对于复合体的每个可能状态（活动模式）都有一个轴。在 Q 内，每个子机制指定对应于系统状态列表的一个点。 Q 中指令集之间的箭头定义了信息关系。这些箭头共同指定了一种品质——一种完全且明确地表征意识体验品质的形状。 Φ——这个形状的高度——是与体验相关的意识量。纠缠衡量信息关系与其组件关系的不可简化程度，指定概念和模式。从这些前提可以得出几个推论。质量是由系统的机制和状态决定的。因此，具有相同活动模式的两个不同系统可能会产生不同的感受性。相反，相同的质量可能由活动性和连接性不同的两个系统生成。活动和非活动元素都指定了一个 quale，但非活动元素则不指定。此外，元素的激活会通过改变感受性的形状来影响体验。将经验细分为模态和子模态对应于Q中的子形状。原则上，经验的不同方面可以被分类为Q中的不同形状，并且经验之间的相似性简化为形状之间的相似性。最后，特定的品质，例如红色的“红色”，虽然是由局部机制产生的，但不能简化为它，而是需要考虑整个品质。最终，本框架可能提供一种将经验的定性属性转化为数学的原则性方法。在之前的工作中，我们认为意识与集成信息有关，集成信息被定义为系统在给定状态下生成的信息量，高于其各部分独立生成的信息量。在本文中，我们从计算集成信息的数量转向描述系统中交互所展现的集成信息的结构或质量。我们采用几何方法，引入了质的概念作为一种形状，体现了系统中交互生成的整套信息关系。本文研究了感受性的特征如何与底层系统的属性以及经验的基本特征相关，为将神经生理学与感受性的几何学以及几何学与现象学联系起来的数学词典提供了开端。
According to the integrated information theory, the quantity of consciousness is the amount of integrated information generated by a complex of elements, and the quality of experience is specified by the informational relationships it generates. This paper outlines a framework for characterizing the informational relationships generated by such systems. Qualia space (Q) is a space having an axis for each possible state (activity pattern) of a complex. Within Q, each submechanism specifies a point corresponding to a repertoire of system states. Arrows between repertoires in Q define informational relationships. Together, these arrows specify a quale—a shape that completely and univocally characterizes the quality of a conscious experience. Φ— the height of this shape—is the quantity of consciousness associated with the experience. Entanglement measures how irreducible informational relationships are to their component relationships, specifying concepts and modes. Several corollaries follow from these premises. The quale is determined by both the mechanism and state of the system. Thus, two different systems having identical activity patterns may generate different qualia. Conversely, the same quale may be generated by two systems that differ in both activity and connectivity. Both active and inactive elements specify a quale, but elements that are inactivated do not. Also, the activation of an element affects experience by changing the shape of the quale. The subdivision of experience into modalities and submodalities corresponds to subshapes in Q. In principle, different aspects of experience may be classified as different shapes in Q, and the similarity between experiences reduces to similarities between shapes. Finally, specific qualities, such as the “redness” of red, while generated by a local mechanism, cannot be reduced to it, but require considering the entire quale. Ultimately, the present framework may offer a principled way for translating qualitative properties of experience into mathematics. In prior work, we suggested that consciousness has to do with integrated information, which was defined as the amount of information generated by a system in a given state, above and beyond the information generated independently by its parts. In the present paper, we move from computing the quantity of integrated information to describing the structure or quality of the integrated information unfolded by interactions in the system. We take a geometric approach, introducing the notion of a quale as a shape that embodies the entire set of informational relationships generated by interactions in the system. The paper investigates how features of the quale relate to properties of the underlying system and also to basic features of experience, providing the beginnings of a mathematical dictionary relating neurophysiology to the geometry of the quale and the geometry to phenomenology.
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