Characterization of the oral fungal microbiome (mycobiome) in healthy individuals.
Characterization of the oral fungal microbiome (mycobiome) in healthy individuals.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.ppat.1000713
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发表时间：
2010-01-08
期刊：
影响因子：
6.7
通讯作者：
Gillevet PM
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Ghannoum MA;Jurevic RJ;Mukherjee PK;Cui F;Sikaroodi M;Naqvi A;Gillevet PM
口腔微生物组——居住在口腔中的生物体及其集体基因组——是健康和疾病的关键组成部分。口腔微生物群的真菌成分尚未被表征。在这项研究中，我们使用一种新颖的多标签焦磷酸测序方法，使用泛真菌内转录间隔区 (ITS) 引物来表征 20 名健康个体口腔中存在的真菌。我们的结果揭示了登记个体的“基础”口腔真菌组概况，并表明在所有研究样本中，口腔含有 74 个可培养真菌属和 11 个不可培养真菌属。在这些属中，仅 1 人中存在 39 属，两名参与者中存在 16 属，三人中存在 5 属，而 ≥ 4 名（20%）参与者中存在 15 属（包括非可培养生物）。念珠菌属是最常见的（从 75% 的参与者中分离出来），其次是支孢菌属（65%）、短梗霉属、酵母菌属（均为 50%）、曲霉属（35%）、镰刀菌属（30%）和隐球菌属（20%）。已知其中四个主要属对人类具有致病性。低丰度属可能代表口腔中存在的环境真菌，并且可能只是从空气中吸入的孢子或与食物一起摄入的物质。在可培养的属中，有 61 个属各由一个物种代表，而 13 个属则由 2 至 6 个不同的物种组成；确定的物种总数为 101 个。每个人口腔中的物种数量在 9 到 23 之间。对获得的数据集进行主成分 (PCO) 分析，然后进行样本聚类和 UniFrac 分析，结果显示白人男性和亚洲男性的聚类彼此不同，而亚洲人和白人女性都聚类在一起。这是第一项确定健康个体的“基础真菌组”的研究，并为健康和疾病中口腔真菌组的详细表征提供了基础。我们对健康个体口腔的真菌微生物组（真菌组）进行了表征。我们的结果表明，口腔微生物组的真菌成分是多种多样的，口腔中存在 74 种可培养的真菌属和 11 种不可培养的真菌属。总共鉴定出 101 个物种，每个人体内存在 9 至 23 个可培养物种。 ≥20%的测试样品中存在十五属（其中包括四种已知的病原真菌和不可培养生物）；念珠菌属是最常见的属，从 75% 的研究参与者中分离出来，其次是枝孢属 (65%)、短梗霉属、酵母菌属 (均为 50%)、曲霉属 (35%)、镰刀菌属 (30%) 和隐球菌属 (20%)。口腔洗液样品中检测到的其余真菌代表可能源自环境的生物体。这是第一项确定健康个体的“基础真菌组”的研究，并为健康和疾病中口腔真菌组的详细表征提供了基础。
The oral microbiome–organisms residing in the oral cavity and their collective genome–are critical components of health and disease. The fungal component of the oral microbiota has not been characterized. In this study, we used a novel multitag pyrosequencing approach to characterize fungi present in the oral cavity of 20 healthy individuals, using the pan-fungal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) primers. Our results revealed the “basal” oral mycobiome profile of the enrolled individuals, and showed that across all the samples studied, the oral cavity contained 74 culturable and 11 non-culturable fungal genera. Among these genera, 39 were present in only one person, 16 genera were present in two participants, and 5 genera were present in three people, while 15 genera (including non-culturable organisms) were present in ≥4 (20%) participants. Candida species were the most frequent (isolated from 75% of participants), followed by Cladosporium (65%), Aureobasidium, Saccharomycetales (50% for both), Aspergillus (35%), Fusarium (30%), and Cryptococcus (20%). Four of these predominant genera are known to be pathogenic in humans. The low-abundance genera may represent environmental fungi present in the oral cavity and could simply be spores inhaled from the air or material ingested with food. Among the culturable genera, 61 were represented by one species each, while 13 genera comprised between 2 and 6 different species; the total number of species identified were 101. The number of species in the oral cavity of each individual ranged between 9 and 23. Principal component (PCO) analysis of the obtained data set followed by sample clustering and UniFrac analysis revealed that White males and Asian males clustered differently from each other, whereas both Asian and White females clustered together. This is the first study that identified the “basal mycobiome” of healthy individuals, and provides the basis for a detailed characterization of the oral mycobiome in health and disease. We characterized the fungal microbiome (mycobiome) of the oral cavity in healthy individuals. Our results demonstrate that the fungal component of the oral microbiome is diverse as revealed by the presence of 74 culturable and 11 non-culturable fungal genera in the oral cavity. A total of 101 species were identified, with between 9 and 23 culturable species present in each person. Fifteen genera (which included four known pathogenic fungi and non-culturable organisms) were present in ≥20% of the tested samples; Candida species were the most frequently obtained genera, isolated from 75% of all study participants, followed by Cladosporium (65%), Aureobasidium, Saccharomycetales (50% for both), Aspergillus (35%), Fusarium (30%), and Cryptococcus (20%). The remaining fungi detected in the oral wash samples represent organisms likely originating from the environment. This is the first study that identified the “basal mycobiome” of healthy individuals, and provides the basis for a detailed characterization of the oral mycobiome in health and disease.
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