Exogenous (automatic) attention to emotional stimuli: a review.
Exogenous (automatic) attention to emotional stimuli: a review.
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DOI：
10.3758/s13415-014-0270-2
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发表时间：
2014-12
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Carretié L
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Carretié L
关于外源性注意（也被称为自动注意、自下而上的注意或刺激驱动的注意等）的结构的现有知识，主要是从采用中性、无害刺激的研究中获得的。从进化的角度来看，由于外源性注意可被理解为一种快速检测显著事件、将处理资源重新定向到这些事件并增强处理机制的适应性工具，所以情绪性事件（根据定义，对个体而言是显著的）对于全面理解这一过程似乎至关重要。这篇综述聚焦于视觉模态，描述了55个实验，在这些实验中，情绪性和中性的无关干扰物与正在进行的任务目标同时呈现。对结果进行了定性描述，并在可能的情况下进行了元分析描述。最显著的结果是，正如行为和/或神经指标所证实的，情绪性干扰物比中性干扰物在更大程度上吸引外源性注意。还描述了吸引注意的干扰物的性质、正在进行的任务特征以及个体差异（先前被提议为中介因素）的调节作用。此外，这里所综述的研究提供了关于前注意/评估、重新定向和感觉放大（外源性注意所涉及的主要子过程）的神经基础的时间和空间信息，而这些信息在传统认知模型中是部分缺失的。提出了一个整合这些不同层面信息的模型。本综述揭示了存在几个关键问题，其实验数据少得惊人，同时证实了在外源性注意的研究中纳入情绪性干扰物的相关性。
Current knowledge on the architecture of exogenous attention (also called automatic, bottom-up, or stimulus-driven attention, among other terms) has been mainly obtained from studies employing neutral, anodyne stimuli. Since, from an evolutionary perspective, exogenous attention can be understood as an adaptive tool for rapidly detecting salient events, reorienting processing resources to them, and enhancing processing mechanisms, emotional events (which are, by definition, salient for the individual) would seem crucial to a comprehensive understanding of this process. This review, focusing on the visual modality, describes 55 experiments in which both emotional and neutral irrelevant distractors are presented at the same time as ongoing task targets. Qualitative and, when possible, meta-analytic descriptions of results are provided. The most conspicuous result is that, as confirmed by behavioral and/or neural indices, emotional distractors capture exogenous attention to a significantly greater extent than do neutral distractors. The modulatory effects of the nature of distractors capturing attention, of the ongoing task characteristics, and of individual differences, previously proposed as mediating factors, are also described. Additionally, studies reviewed here provide temporal and spatial information—partially absent in traditional cognitive models—on the neural basis of preattention/evaluation, reorienting, and sensory amplification, the main subprocesses involved in exogenous attention. A model integrating these different levels of information is proposed. The present review, which reveals that there are several key issues for which experimental data are surprisingly scarce, confirms the relevance of including emotional distractors in studies on exogenous attention.
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