When does cognitive functioning peak? The asynchronous rise and fall of different cognitive abilities across the life span.

When does cognitive functioning peak? The asynchronous rise and fall of different cognitive abilities across the life span.
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DOI:
10.1177/0956797614567339
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发表时间:
2015-04
影响因子:
8.2
通讯作者:
Germine LT
Germine LT
中科院分区:
心理学1区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Hartshorne JK;Germine LT

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了解认知变化在一生中如何以及何时发生是了解正常和异常发育和衰老的先决条件。然而,大多数关于认知变化的研究都受到限制,因为它们依赖于比较广泛的年龄组或跨年龄范围的稀疏样本,因此无法检测微妙但理论上信息丰富的寿命变化。在这里,我们提供了来自 48,537 名网络参与者的聚合证据,以及对标准化智商和记忆测试的规范数据的全面分析。我们的研究结果揭示了认知能力何时达到峰值存在相当大的异质性:一些能力在高中毕业时达到峰值并开始下降;另一些则在高中毕业后开始下降。有些能力在成年早期达到稳定状态,并在 30 多岁时开始下降;还有一些人直到 40 多岁或更晚才达到顶峰。这些发现激发了关于成熟和与年龄相关的衰退的细致入微的理论,其中多种可分离的因素对不同的认知领域产生不同的影响。
Understanding how and when cognitive change occurs over the lifespan is a prerequisite for understanding normal and abnormal development and aging. Most studies of cognitive change are constrained, however, in their ability to detect subtle, but theoretically informative lifespan changes, as they rely on either comparing broad age groups or sparse sampling across the age range. Here, we present convergent evidence from 48,537 Web participants and a comprehensive analysis of normative data from standardized IQ and memory tests. Our results reveal considerable heterogeneity in when cognitive abilities peak: some abilities peak and begin to decline around high school graduation; some abilities plateau in early adulthood, beginning to decline in the 30s; still others do not peak until the 40s or later. These findings motivate a nuanced theory of maturation and age-related decline, where multiple, dissociable factors differentially affect different domains of cognition.
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