Lymphocyte Inhibition by the Salamander-Killing Chytrid Fungus, Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans

Lymphocyte Inhibition by the Salamander-Killing Chytrid Fungus, Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans
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杀死蝾螈壶菌真菌(Batrachochytrium salamdrivorans)对淋巴细胞的抑制

DOI:
10.1128/iai.00020-22
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发表时间:
2022
影响因子:
3.1
通讯作者:
Minbiole, Kevin P.
Minbiole, Kevin P.
中科院分区:
医学2区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Rollins-Smith, Louise A.;Reinert, Laura K.;Le Sage, Mitchell;Linney, Kaitlyn N.;Gillard, Bria M.;Umile, Thomas P.;Minbiole, Kevin P.

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五十多年来,世界各地的两栖动物数量一直在下降,而且损失仍在继续。尽管原因很复杂,但造成这种下降的主要原因是两种壶菌真菌:Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis 和 Batrachochytrium salamdrivorans,它们都会引起称为壶菌病的疾病。此前,我们发现 B. dendrobatidis 通过释放可溶性代谢物(包括犬尿氨酸(KYN)、甲硫腺苷(MTA)和亚精胺(SPD))在体外和体内直接抑制淋巴细胞来阻碍两栖动物的防御。在这里,我们发现 B. salamandrivorans 细胞和无细胞上清液也抑制两栖动物淋巴细胞以及人类 T 细胞系。正如我们针对 B. dendrobatidis 所展示的那样,高效液相色谱 (HPLC) 和质谱分析表明,KYN、MTA 和 SPD 是在 B. salamandrivorans 上清液中发现的关键代谢物。 B. salamandrivorans 产生的抑制因子仅限于成熟的游动孢子囊,并且可以在 16°C 至 26°C 的温度范围内发生。总而言之,这些结果表明,两种致病性Batrachochytriumfungi都进化出了类似的机制来抑制淋巴细胞,以逃避两栖动物免疫系统的清除。
Amphibian populations have been declining around the world for more than five decades, and the losses continue. Although causes are complex, major contributors to these declines are two chytrid fungi, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans, which both cause the disease termed chytridiomycosis. Previously, we showed that B. dendrobatidis impedes amphibian defenses by directly inhibiting lymphocytesin vitroandin vivoby release of soluble metabolites, including kynurenine (KYN), methylthioadenosine (MTA), and spermidine (SPD). Here, we show that B. salamandrivorans cells and cell-free supernatants also inhibit amphibian lymphocytes as well as a human T cell line. As we have shown for B. dendrobatidis, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and mass spectrometry revealed that KYN, MTA, and SPD are key metabolites found in the B. salamandrivorans supernatants. Production of inhibitory factors by B. salamandrivorans is limited to mature zoosporangia and can occur over a range of temperatures between 16°C and 26°C. Taken together, these results suggest that both pathogenicBatrachochytriumfungi have evolved similar mechanisms to inhibit lymphocytes in order to evade clearance by the amphibian immune system.
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