Field-testing solutions for drinking water quality monitoring in low- and middle-income regions and case studies from Latin American, African and Asian countries
Field-testing solutions for drinking water quality monitoring in low- and middle-income regions and case studies from Latin American, African and Asian countries
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低收入和中等收入地区饮用水质量监测的现场测试解决方案以及拉丁美洲、非洲和亚洲国家的案例研究
DOI：
10.1016/j.jece.2023.111180
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发表时间：
2023
影响因子：
7.7
通讯作者：
Pichel N
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Pichel N
这项工作突出表明，需要对饮用水监测采取全球性办法，其中涉及面临几个关键问题。目前迫切需要在农村和低收入环境的偏远地区进行实地测试，以达到非常高的指标微生物检测和置信度标准。对基于硫化氢和定义底物方法的商用现场检测方案进行了严格审查，考虑了它们的能力和局限性，是否符合联合国儿童基金会目标产品简介（TPP），技术性能，可用性和成本。所有可用的测试都不符合联合国儿童基金会跨太平洋伙伴关系制定的标准，最大的限制是对电源的要求。它们需要至少18-24小时的孵育，因此它们并没有显著减少完成测定所需的时间；其适用性一般受样本量的限制。此外，仍然需要更准确和标准化的验证研究，为该领域的低成本测试解决方案开辟新的机会。另一方面，由于资源和技术的限制，传统方法是案例研究地区唯一得到国家法规合法授权的方法。尽管现场工具包的使用已开始获得接受，但其在现场的执行在很大程度上取决于它们在当地的可用性和成本。大多数实地工具包的价格超过了联合国儿童基金会设定的6美元的上限，甚至从发展中国家的当地分销商那里购买时，它们的价格要高得多。
This work highlights the need for a global approach to drinking water monitoring that involves facing several critical issues. Field tests that perform to very high standards of indicator microorganisms’ detection and confidence and, at the same time, being available in rural and isolated locations of low-income settings are urgently needed. Commercially available field-testing solutions forEscherichia colidetermination based on hydrogen sulfide and defined substrate methods were critically reviewed, considering their capabilities and limitations, compliance against the UNICEF Target Product Profile (TPP), technology performance, availability, and cost. None of the available tests meets the standards set by the UNICEF TPP, the biggest limitation being the requirement of a power source. They need at least 18–24 h of incubation, hence they have not significantly decreased the amount of the time needed to complete an assay; and their applicability is generally limited by the sample volume. Additionally, there is still need for more accurate and standardised validation studies that open new opportunities for low-cost testing solutions in the field. On the other hand, traditional methods are the only ones legally authorised by national regulations in the case study locations, with a range of resources and technologies limitations. Despite the use of field kits is beginning to gain acceptance, its implementation in the field strongly relies on their availability and cost locally. Most field kits price exceed the maximum of 6 USD set by UNICEF, and they even cost significantly more when acquire from local distributors in developing countries.
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