Using rapid indicators for Enterococcus to assess the risk of illness after exposure to urban runoff contaminated marine water.
Using rapid indicators for Enterococcus to assess the risk of illness after exposure to urban runoff contaminated marine water.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.watres.2012.01.033
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发表时间：
2012-05-01
期刊：
影响因子：
12.8
通讯作者：
Weisberg, Stephen B.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Colford, John M., Jr.;Schiff, Kenneth C.;Griffith, John F.;Yau, Vince;Arnold, Benjamin F.;Wright, Catherine C.;Gruber, Joshua S.;Wade, Timothy J.;Burns, Susan;Hayes, Jacqueline;McGee, Charles;Gold, Mark;Cao, Yiping;Noble, Rachel T.;Haugland, Richard;Weisberg, Stephen B.
传统的粪便指示菌(FIB)测量速度太慢(18小时)，无法及时向游泳者发出警告。评估快速指示法(Qpr)与受城市径流影响的海滩疾病的关系。我们测量了9525名2007-08年访问多赫尼海滩的人的基线和两周的健康状况。比较患病率(游泳者和非游泳者)。纤维蛋白原检测采用传统方法(肠球菌用EPA1600或肠杆菌™、粪大肠菌群、总大肠菌群)和3种快速定量聚合酶链式反应检测肠球菌。(TaqMan，Scorpion-1，Scorpion-2)与健康进行比较。主要的细菌来源是一条未经处理就流入海洋的小溪；当沙堤形成时，这条小溪没有流入海洋。这为检验不同条件下纤维蛋白原与健康的关系提供了一个自然的实验。我们观察到，与不游泳的人相比，游泳者的腹泻(OR1.90，吞咽水的95%可信区间1.29-2.80)和其他结果显著增加。暴露(身体浸泡、头部浸泡、吞咽水)与胃肠道疾病(GI)风险增加相关。每日胃肠道感染的发病模式不同：游泳者(2天高峰)和非游泳者(无高峰)。在沙堤开放试验中，我们观察到胃肠道感染与肠球菌的传统和快速方法之间的关联；当不考虑沙堤状态时，出现的关联较少。我们发现，在这个城市径流海滩上，胃肠道疾病的风险增加了。当FIB来源自由流动(护堤开放)时，几个传统的快速指标与疾病有关。当FIB来源较弱(护堤关闭)时，出现的疾病关联较少。在同一海滩的不同条件下，这些不同的关系表明，使用这些指标预测健康风险是困难的。
Traditional fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) measurement is too slow (>18 hr) for timely swimmer warnings. Assess relationship of rapid indicator methods (qPCR) to illness at a marine-beach impacted by urban-runoff. We measured baseline and two-week health in 9525 individuals visiting Doheny Beach 2007-08. Illness rates were compared (swimmers vs. non-swimmers). FIB measured by traditional (Enterococcus spp. by EPA Method 1600 or Enterolert™, fecal coliforms, total coliforms) and three rapid qPCR assays for Enterococcus spp. (Taqman, Scorpion-1, Scorpion-2) were compared to health. Primary bacterial source was a creek flowing untreated into ocean; the creek did not reach the ocean when a sand berm formed. This provided a natural experiment for examining FIB-health relationships under varying conditions. We observed significant increases in diarrhea (OR1.90, 95% CI 1.29-2.80 for swallowing water) and other outcomes in swimmers compared to non-swimmers. Exposure (body immersion, head immersion, swallowed water) was associated with increasing risk of gastrointestinal illness (GI). Daily GI incidence patterns were different: swimmers (2-day peak ) and non-swimmers (no peak). With berm-open, we observed associations between GI and traditional and rapid methods for Enterococcus; fewer associations occurred when berm status was not considered. We found increased risk of GI at this urban-runoff beach. When FIB source flowed freely (berm-open), several traditional and rapid indicators were related to illness. When FIB source was weak (berm-closed) fewer illness-associations were seen. These different relationships under different conditions at a single beach demonstrate the difficulties using these indicators to predict health risk.
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DOI：
10.1097/ede.0b013e3181d61eeb
发表时间：
2010-05
期刊：
Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.)
影响因子：
--
作者：
Lipsitch M;Tchetgen Tchetgen E;Cohen T
通讯作者：
Cohen T
DOI：
10.1080/09603129873462
发表时间：
1998-09-01
影响因子：
3.2
作者：
McBride, GB;Salmond, CE;Till, DG
通讯作者：
Till, DG
影响因子：
11.4
作者：
Schoen, Mary E.;Ashbolt, Nicholas J.
通讯作者：
Ashbolt, Nicholas J.
影响因子：
7.7
作者：
BAQUI, AH;BLACK, RE;SACK, RB
通讯作者：
SACK, RB
影响因子：
7.7
作者：
Scallan, E;Majowicz, SE;Angulo, FJ
通讯作者：
Angulo, FJ