Evolution and development of cell walls in cereal grains.
Evolution and development of cell walls in cereal grains.
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DOI：
10.3389/fpls.2014.00456
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发表时间：
2014
影响因子：
5.6
通讯作者：
Fincher GB
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Burton RA;Fincher GB
谷物和其他禾本科植物的细胞壁的组成与其他植物种子的细胞壁明显不同。在胚和胚乳周围的母体组织中，细胞壁含有较高水平的纤维素，在许多情况下是高度木质化的。这可能与胚乳的壁形成对比，其中纤维素的量相对较低，并且壁通常不是木质的。低纤维素和木质素含量是可能的，因为胚乳的壁在成熟的谷粒中不起承重作用，并且实际上低水平的这些相对难处理的壁组分是必需的，因为它们允许谷粒萌发后壁的快速降解。胚乳壁的主要非纤维素组分通常是杂木聚糖和（1，3; 1，4）-β-葡聚糖，具有较低水平的木葡聚糖、葡甘露聚糖和果胶多糖。果胶多糖和木葡聚糖是大多数双子叶植物中的主要非纤维素壁成分，其中通常不存在（1，3; 1，4）-β-葡聚糖，并且发现相对低水平的杂木聚糖。因此，谷物和其他草的谷粒中的“核心”非纤维素壁多糖是杂木聚糖，更具体地说是阿拉伯聚糖。（1，3; 1，4）-β-葡聚糖出现在一些草类的胚乳中，但在其他草类中基本上不存在;它们可能占胚乳细胞壁的0至45%以上，这取决于种类。很明显，在某些情况下，这些（1，3; 1，4）-β-葡聚糖作为谷物中可代谢葡萄糖的主要储存。谷物和它们的组成细胞壁多糖作为人类社会中膳食纤维的来源是非常重要的，并且育种者已经开始选择谷物中高水平的非纤维素壁多糖。为了满足最终用户的要求，我们必须了解谷物在发育和发芽过程中的细胞壁生物学。
The composition of cell walls in cereal grains and other grass species differs markedly from walls in seeds of other plants. In the maternal tissues that surround the embryo and endosperm of the grain, walls contain higher levels of cellulose and in many cases are heavily lignified. This may be contrasted with walls of the endosperm, where the amount of cellulose is relatively low, and the walls are generally not lignified. The low cellulose and lignin contents are possible because the walls of the endosperm perform no load-bearing function in the mature grain and indeed the low levels of these relatively intractable wall components are necessary because they allow rapid degradation of the walls following germination of the grain. The major non-cellulosic components of endosperm walls are usually heteroxylans and (1,3;1,4)-β-glucans, with lower levels of xyloglucans, glucomannans, and pectic polysaccharides. Pectic polysaccharides and xyloglucans are the major non-cellulosic wall constituents in most dicot species, in which (1,3;1,4)-β-glucans are usually absent and heteroxylans are found at relatively low levels. Thus, the “core” non-cellulosic wall polysaccharides in grain of the cereals and other grasses are the heteroxylans and, more specifically, arabinoxylans. The (1,3;1,4)-β-glucans appear in the endosperm of some grass species but are essentially absent from others; they may constitute from zero to more than 45% of the cell walls of the endosperm, depending on the species. It is clear that in some cases these (1,3;1,4)-β-glucans function as a major store of metabolizable glucose in the grain. Cereal grains and their constituent cell wall polysaccharides are centrally important as a source of dietary fiber in human societies and breeders have started to select for high levels of non-cellulosic wall polysaccharides in grain. To meet end-user requirements, it is important that we understand cell wall biology in the grain both during development and following germination.
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DOI：
10.1073/pnas.1202079109
发表时间：
2012-10-16
影响因子：
11.1
作者：
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