Comparative Genomic Hybridization (CGH) reveals a neo-X chromosome and biased gene movement in stalk-eyed flies (genus Teleopsis).
Comparative Genomic Hybridization (CGH) reveals a neo-X chromosome and biased gene movement in stalk-eyed flies (genus Teleopsis).
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pgen.1001121
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发表时间：
2010-09-16
期刊：
影响因子：
4.5
通讯作者：
Wilkinson GS
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Baker RH;Wilkinson GS
染色体位置对参与性二态性的基因的进化动力学具有显著影响，影响性别特异性基因表达的模式以及这些基因的复制和蛋白质进化的速率。然而，对于几乎所有的非模式生物，染色体基因内容的知识是最小的，很难在基因组规模上获得。在这项研究中，我们利用比较基因组杂交（CGH），使用EST序列设计的探针，以确定位于四种的茎眼蝇属Teleopsis的X染色体上的基因。对来自CGH微阵列的超过3，400个基因的雌性与雄性杂交强度的log 2比值的分析揭示了强烈的双峰分布，其清楚地区分了所有四个物种的常染色体与X连锁基因。33个基因分型和28个这些基因在Teleopsis dalmanni的连锁图谱表明，CGH结果正确地确定在所有情况下的染色体定位。与果蝇同线比较表明，90%的X-连锁基因的Teleopsis位于染色体2L上的基因在果蝇黑腹果蝇的同源性，这表明一个几乎完整的neo-X染色体的形成从穆勒元件B在双翅目谱系导致Teleopsis。对相对于果蝇和拟真蝇内的基因移动的分析表明，基因移动与1）蛋白质进化的速率，2）基因复制的模式，3）眼孔性别二型性的进化显著相关。总之，本研究揭示了透辉石是了解双翅目性染色体进化的一个关键类群。此外，我们证明了CGH是一种有用的技术，用于确定染色体性连锁，并应适用于其他生物的EST或部分基因组信息。基因在染色体上的分布和组织在动物之间有很大的差异。在很短的进化时间内，染色体的数量和大小以及基因组成都会发生变化。此外，染色体位置可以影响基因如何在各种组织中表达以及它们如何进化。特别是性染色体，对基因的运动、表达和进化有着动态的影响。发现基因的染色体位置传统上对于非模式生物物种是困难的。在这项研究中，我们使用一种新的方法评估性染色体连锁，该方法将雄性和雌性的DNA与代表茎眼果蝇中3,400多个基因的探针杂交。该技术确定了533个基因（15%）位于X染色体上，其余基因位于两个常染色体上。将这些基因与果蝇中的位置进行比较表明，有柄眼果蝇的X染色体与果蝇的常染色体2L几乎完全同源。黑腹果蝇这一结果揭示了在导致茎眼蝇的谱系中形成了新X染色体，并表明茎眼蝇为研究性染色体的起源和进化提供了一个有价值的新系统。
Chromosomal location has a significant effect on the evolutionary dynamics of genes involved in sexual dimorphism, impacting both the pattern of sex-specific gene expression and the rate of duplication and protein evolution for these genes. For nearly all non-model organisms, however, knowledge of chromosomal gene content is minimal and difficult to obtain on a genomic scale. In this study, we utilized Comparative Genomic Hybridization (CGH), using probes designed from EST sequence, to identify genes located on the X chromosome of four species in the stalk-eyed fly genus Teleopsis. Analysis of log2 ratio values of female-to-male hybridization intensities from the CGH microarrays for over 3,400 genes reveals a strongly bimodal distribution that clearly differentiates autosomal from X-linked genes for all four species. Genotyping of 33 and linkage mapping of 28 of these genes in Teleopsis dalmanni indicate the CGH results correctly identified chromosomal location in all cases. Syntenic comparison with Drosophila indicates that 90% of the X-linked genes in Teleopsis are homologous to genes located on chromosome 2L in Drosophila melanogaster, suggesting the formation of a nearly complete neo-X chromosome from Muller element B in the dipteran lineage leading to Teleopsis. Analysis of gene movement both relative to Drosophila and within Teleopsis indicates that gene movement is significantly associated with 1) rates of protein evolution, 2) the pattern of gene duplication, and 3) the evolution of eyespan sexual dimorphism. Overall, this study reveals that diopsids are a critical group for understanding the evolution of sex chromosomes within Diptera. In addition, we demonstrate that CGH is a useful technique for identifying chromosomal sex-linkage and should be applicable to other organisms with EST or partial genomic information. The distribution and organization of genes on chromosomes vary widely among animals. Chromosomes can change in number and size, as well as gene composition, over short evolutionary time scales. Furthermore, chromosome location can influence how genes are expressed in various tissues and how they evolve. The sex chromosomes, in particular, have a dynamic impact on gene movement, expression, and evolution. Uncovering the chromosomal location of genes has traditionally been difficult for non-model organism species. In this study, we assess sex chromosome linkage using a new method that hybridizes DNA from males and females to probes representing over 3,400 genes in stalk-eyed flies. This technique identifies 533 genes (15%) that are located on the X chromosome with the remaining genes located on two autosomes. Comparison of these genes with their location in Drosophila indicates that the X chromosome in stalk-eyed flies is nearly completely homologous to the autosome 2L in D. melanogaster. This result reveals the formation of a neo-X chromosome in the lineage leading to stalk-eyed flies and indicates that stalk-eyed flies provide a valuable new system to study the origin and evolution of sex chromosomes.
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