Determinants of Happiness in Japan and the Netherlands: Macro and Micro Analysis and Comparison
Determinants of Happiness in Japan and the Netherlands: Macro and Micro Analysis and Comparison
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日本和荷兰幸福感的决定因素：宏观和微观分析比较
DOI：
10.1080/13439006.2018.1484618
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发表时间：
2018
影响因子：
0.1
通讯作者：
Hagiwara Risa
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Takahashi Yoshiaki;Fukushima Shintaro;Hagiwara Risa
人们常说，日本人的幸福感比欧洲人低。然而，还没有进行充分的讨论，将社会形式的差异作为一个背景因素加以考虑。因此，本研究利用国际比较调查，从宏观（国家层面）和微观（个人层面）两个方面，对日本和欧洲幸福感最高的荷兰的幸福感影响因素进行实证研究和比较。本文的重点是作为幸福感的生活评价。通过我们的宏观分析结果证实，社会支持（即，与其他国家相比，日本和荷兰的生活评价水平显著提高的因素是，有亲戚或朋友可以在你遇到困难时帮助你）。此外，日本人均GDP的对数值变化为负值，具有统计学意义，这与伊斯特林·帕森斯的"收入增加并不意味着幸福增加“的观点相吻合。另一方面，我们无法确认荷兰的伊斯特林Parkline，其中人均GDP的对数值变化为正，但统计上不显着。此外，我们在本文中的纵向数据分析还显示，健康预期寿命和慷慨是微不足道的，尽管它们的重要性在早期的研究中已经被声称（例如Helliwell et al，2017）。虽然我们的宏观分析发现，社会支持对日本和荷兰的平均幸福感都很重要，但我们的微观分析结果揭示了不同的社会观点和结构;荷兰是一个福利社会，公共部门和公民相互支持，日本是一个福利社会，其基础是社区提供的支持，包括家庭和地方。也就是说，荷兰对他人的信任度（一般信任）高于日本，日本对家庭的信任度（家庭信任）高于荷兰，这两个因素对各国的个人幸福感都有影响。也就是说，荷兰的福利社会构想是以独立的公民主动互助的“个人与公众”为基础，而日本的福利社会构想是以家庭有义务互助的“社区”为基础。与荷兰相比，选择自由度较低的日本，选择自由度越高的人越幸福。要想提高两国的幸福感，就不应该采取提高收入的经济政策，而应该根据各自独特的福利社会理念，加强社会支持。在此过程中，日本的关键是能否以允许个人自由选择的方式改革制度。
It is often said that the Japanese happiness is lower than that of Europeans. However, sufficient discussion has yet to take place with consideration of differences in social forms as a background factor. In this study, therefore, by leveraging comparative international surveys, we empirically study and compare the factors that affect happiness in Japan and in the Netherlands, a country which has a higher happiness level than other European countries, from both macro (country level) and micro (individual level) perspectives.This paper focuses on life evaluation as happiness. It was confirmed through the results of our macro analysis that social support (i.e., having relatives or friends you can count on to help you when you are in trouble) is the factor that significantly improves the level of life evaluation both in Japan and the Netherlands compared to other countries. In addition, change of the logarithmic value of GDP per capita in Japan is negative and statistically significant, which coincides with the Easterlin Paradox claim that more income does not bring greater happiness. On the other hand, we were unable to confirm the Easterlin Paradox in the Netherlands, in which change of the logarithmic value of GDP per capita is positive, though not statistically significant. Furthermore, our longitudinal data analysis in this paper also revealed that healthy life expectancy and generosity are insignificant, although their significance has been claimed in earlier studies (e.g. Helliwell et al, 2017).Although our macro analysis found social support is important both for Japanese and Dutch happiness on average, the results of our micro analysis have revealed different views and structure of society; the Netherlands is a welfare society in which the public sector and the citizens support each other, and Japan is a welfare society which is based on support provided by community including families and the local area. In other words, the Netherlands showed greater trust on others in general (general trust) than Japan, and Japan showed greater trust on families (family trust) than the Netherlands, a factor that had an influence on happiness levels of individuals in the respective countries. That is, while the Netherlands’ vision of a welfare society is based on “individuals and the public,” under which the independent citizens take the initiative in supporting each other, Japan’s vision of welfare society is based on “community,” under which families have a duty to support each other. In Japan, where freedom of choice is more limited than in the Netherlands, people who have more freedom of choice were found to be happier.In order to improve happiness in both countries, we need to strengthen social support based on their respectively unique visions of welfare society rather than resorting to income-boosting economic policies. In doing so, the key for Japan would be whether or not the system can be reformed in such a way as to allow freedom of choice to individuals.
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