Pit latrines and their impacts on groundwater quality: a systematic review.
Pit latrines and their impacts on groundwater quality: a systematic review.
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DOI：
10.1289/ehp.1206028
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发表时间：
2013-05
影响因子：
10.4
通讯作者：
Polizzotto ML
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Graham JP;Polizzotto ML
背景资料：坑式厕所是低收入国家最常见的人类排泄物处理系统之一，随着各国努力实现千年发展目标中与环境卫生有关的具体目标，坑式厕所的使用正在增加。然而，令人关切的是，坑式厕所向地下水排放的化学和微生物污染物可能对人类健康产生不利影响。目的：我们的目标是a）计算全球坑式厕所覆盖率，B）系统地回顾坑式厕所对地下水质量影响的实证研究，c）评估厕所选址标准，以及d）确定关于厕所污染地下水的潜在性和后果的知识差距。方法：我们使用现有的调查和人口数据来计算全球坑式厕所覆盖率。我们回顾了有关坑式厕所污染物发生的科学文献，并考虑了影响这些污染物运输的因素。数据提取自使用Web of ScienceSM、PubMed、Google和文件参考列表识别的同行评审文章、书籍和报告。讨论：我们估计，大约有17.7亿人使用坑式厕所作为他们的主要卫生手段。对坑式厕所和地下水的研究有限，一般只侧重于少数指示污染物。虽然经常在厕所下游观察到地下水污染，但污染物的迁移距离、基于经验研究的建议和选址准则各不相同，彼此之间也不一致。结论：为了改善环境和人类健康，未来的研究应该检查一个更大的上下文变量集，改进测量方法，并制定更好的标准，为选址坑式厕所。
Background: Pit latrines are one of the most common human excreta disposal systems in low-income countries, and their use is on the rise as countries aim to meet the sanitation-related target of the Millennium Development Goals. There is concern, however, that discharges of chemical and microbial contaminants from pit latrines to groundwater may negatively affect human health. Objectives: Our goals were to a) calculate global pit latrine coverage, b) systematically review empirical studies of the impacts of pit latrines on groundwater quality, c) evaluate latrine siting standards, and d) identify knowledge gaps regarding the potential for and consequences of groundwater contamination by latrines. Methods: We used existing survey and population data to calculate global pit latrine coverage. We reviewed the scientific literature on the occurrence of contaminants originating from pit latrines and considered the factors affecting transport of these contaminants. Data were extracted from peer-reviewed articles, books, and reports identified using Web of ScienceSM, PubMed, Google, and document reference lists. Discussion: We estimated that approximately 1.77 billion people use pit latrines as their primary means of sanitation. Studies of pit latrines and groundwater are limited and have generally focused on only a few indicator contaminants. Although groundwater contamination is frequently observed downstream of latrines, contaminant transport distances, recommendations based on empirical studies, and siting guidelines are variable and not well aligned with one another. Conclusions: In order to improve environmental and human health, future research should examine a larger set of contextual variables, improve measurement approaches, and develop better criteria for siting pit latrines.
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影响因子：
4.3
作者：
Banerjee, Goutam
通讯作者：
Banerjee, Goutam
影响因子：
7.7
作者：
Cairncross, Sandy;Hunt, Caroline;Schmidt, Wolf-Peter
通讯作者：
Schmidt, Wolf-Peter
影响因子：
6.4
作者：
Caldwell, EL
通讯作者：
Caldwell, EL
影响因子：
6.4
作者：
Caldwell, EL
通讯作者：
Caldwell, EL
影响因子：
6.4
作者：
Caldwell, EL;Parr, LW
通讯作者：
Parr, LW