Negative Reinforcement and Punishment
Negative Reinforcement and Punishment
复制标题
负强化与惩罚
DOI：
10.1007/978-1-4899-1947-2_6
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发表时间：
1998
影响因子：
1.7
通讯作者：
J. Crosbie
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
J. Crosbie
尽管负强化和惩罚的使用有时是矛盾的和不受欢迎的，但如果我们要实现预测、控制和解释生物体的行为的目标，对这些程序进行实验分析是至关重要的。只研究行为的积极后果只能揭示问题的一半。此外，负强化和惩罚是特别强大的，并不断出现在物理环境中。事实上，有人认为，正强化实际上只是伪装的负强化，因为所有的行为都是基于逃避和回避（船体，1943）。不幸的是，负强化和双关语的研究正在下降（男爵，1991），因为它的分析需要增加我们学科的数据库，并且该程序可以用于治疗以改善许多人的生活（例如，减少自我伤害行为）。本章的一个目标是鼓励更多的研究这个主题与人类亚细胞。考虑到它们的理论历史和最近的发展，负强化和惩罚应该一起考虑。早期的双关语理论（例如，丁斯莫尔，1954年;斯金纳，1953年; Thorndike，1932）提出，惩罚减少行为只是因为生物体执行其他避免惩罚者的行为。换句话说，惩罚是一个基于回避的次要过程。后来（Azrin & Holz，1966）有人认为，惩罚是一个主要的过程，减少行为独立于回避。目前，这是最广泛接受的关于惩罚的理论立场。然而，最近有证据表明，回避和惩罚可能是根本相关的。在一项研究中（Dunham，Mariner，&亚当斯，1969），鸽子在啄一把点燃的钥匙时得到食物，然后在每啄一次后电击。冲击使啄键率降低，啄壁率增加
Although the use of negative reinforcement and punishment is sometimes contro versial and unpopular, an experimental analysis of those procedures is crucial if we are to achieve our goal of predicting, controlling, and interpreting the behav ior of organisms. Studying only positive consequences of behavior will reveal only half of the picture. Furthermore, negative reinforcement and punishment are par ticularly powerful, and constantly are present in the physical environment. In deed, it has been argued that positive reinforcement is really only negative rein forcement in disguise, because all behavior is based on escape and avoidance (Hull, 1943). It is unfortunate that the study of negative reinforcement and pun ishment is in decline (Baron, 1991), because its analysis is needed to increase the data base of our discipline, and the procedures can be used therapeutically to im prove the lives of many people (e.g., by reducing self-injurious behavior). One goal of the present chapter is to encourage more research on this topic with human sub jects. Given their theoretical history, and recent developments, it is appropriate that negative reinforcement and punishment should be considered together. Early pun ishment theories (e.g., Dinsmoor, 1954; Skinner, 1953; Thorndike, 1932) proposed that punishment reduces behavior only because organisms perform other behav iors that avoid the punisher. In other words, punishment is a secondary process based on avoidance. Later (Azrin & Holz, 1966) it was argued that punishment is a primary process that reduces behavior independently of avoidance. Currently, this is the most widely accepted theoretical position on punishment. There is, however, recent evidence that avoidance and punishment may be fundamentally related. In one study (Dunham, Mariner, & Adams, 1969); pigeons received food when they pecked a lighted key, then electric shock after each peck. Shock de creased the rate of pecking the key, and increased the rate of pecking the wall
影响因子：
2.7
作者：
William J. McIlvane;J. B. Kledaras;L. C. Munson;Katherine A. J. King;Julio C. de Rose;Lawrence T. Stoddard
通讯作者：
William J. McIlvane;J. B. Kledaras;L. C. Munson;Katherine A. J. King;Julio C. de Rose;Lawrence T. Stoddard
自伤行为抑制系统（SIBIS）的临床评估。
影响因子：
2.9
作者：
Linscheid,TR;Iwata,BA;Ricketts,RW;Williams,DE;Griffin,JC
通讯作者：
Griffin,JC