Mercury biogeochemical cycling in the ocean and policy implications.
Mercury biogeochemical cycling in the ocean and policy implications.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.envres.2012.03.013
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发表时间：
2012-11
影响因子：
8.3
通讯作者：
Sunderland EM
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Mason RP;Choi AL;Fitzgerald WF;Hammerschmidt CR;Lamborg CH;Soerensen AL;Sunderland EM
人为活动使生物圈中的汞含量至少增加了三倍，导致海洋表层总汞含量增加。然而，这些变化对海洋鱼类的影响以及人类接触的相关趋势尚不清楚。在这里，我们回顾我们的理解，全球质量预算的无机和甲基化汞物种在海洋海水。我们考虑了来自大气沉积和河流的外部输入以及一甲基汞（CH3 Hg）和二甲基汞（（CH3）2Hg）的内部生产。还讨论了大规模海洋环流和垂直迁移过程对汞在整个水体中分布的影响，以及这如何影响汞在海洋食物链中的生物积累。我们的分析表明，虽然大气沉积是无机汞的主要来源，开放的海洋系统，海洋鱼类中积累的大部分甲烷汞是来自原位生产内的上层沃茨（<1000米）。对现有数据的分析表明，由于大气中汞含量的不同，各大洋盆地中汞浓度的变化速度也不同，海洋深层沃茨对大气中汞含量的变化反应缓慢。大多数生物接触发生在海洋上层，因此，应在数年至数十年内对监管控制战略所实现的大气汞输入变化作出反应。金枪鱼和箭鱼等洄游性中上层鱼类是许多人类接触CH3汞的重要组成部分，因此，任何减少人类向海洋排放汞和相关沉积的措施都将导致人类接触和风险的下降。
Anthropogenic activities have enriched mercury in the biosphere by at least a factor of three, leading to increases in total mercury (Hg) in the surface ocean. However, the impacts on ocean fish and associated trends in human exposure as a result of such changes are less clear. Here we review our understanding of global mass budgets for both inorganic and methylated Hg species in ocean seawater. We consider external inputs from atmospheric deposition and rivers as well as internal production of monomethylmercury (CH3Hg) and dimethylmercury ((CH3)2Hg). Impacts of large-scale ocean circulation and vertical transport processes on Hg distribution throughout the water column and how this influences bioaccumulation into ocean food chains are also discussed. Our analysis suggests that while atmospheric deposition is the main source of inorganic Hg to open ocean systems, most of the CH3Hg accumulating in ocean fish is derived from in situ production within the upper waters (<1000 m). An analysis of the available data suggests that concentrations in the various ocean basins are changing at different rates due to differences in atmospheric loading and that the deeper waters of the oceans are responding slowly to changes in atmospheric Hg inputs. Most biological exposures occur in the upper ocean and therefore should respond over years to decades to changes in atmospheric mercury inputs achieved by regulatory control strategies. Migratory pelagic fish such as tuna and swordfish are an important component of CH3Hg exposure for many human populations and therefore any reduction in anthropogenic releases of Hg and associated deposition to the ocean will result in a decline in human exposure and risk.
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影响因子：
11.4
作者：
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