Chapter 4 Exploring Developmental Changes in Cross-Language Speech Perception
Chapter 4 Exploring Developmental Changes in Cross-Language Speech Perception
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第 4 章探索跨语言语音感知的发展变化
DOI：
10.7551/mitpress/3964.003.0008
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发表时间：
2016
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
J. Werker
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
J. Werker
人类最显著的特征之一是习得语言的能力，认知科学中的大量研究都是为了理解使这一壮举成为可能的过程和能力。为了获得口语，听者必须能够将连续的语音流解析成句子、从句、单词、音节和音素，并在每个层面上表示信息。音素是一个次音节单位，单个音素的不同可以表达不同的意思(例如，BIG与DIG或BAT VS BET)。在音素清单中，不同语言之间存在差异。例如，在英语中，irl和iii之间的区别很重要：单词“rate”的意思与单词late的意思完全不同；然而，这种区别并不意味着发音在日语中并不表示意义上的差异。同样，在英语中，牙科IT I和卷曲IT I之间的区别不是音位，尽管它在印地语中可以表示不同的意思。因此，对于学英语的孩子来说，单词表指的是一类物品，无论它是用舌头在门牙后面(牙科)、在牙齿后面的牙槽上(牙槽)，还是在舌尖的下侧抵住口腔顶部(卷曲)产生的。然而，对于一个学习印地语的孩子来说，牙齿和卷曲it‘i都是音素，因此可以表示不同的单词。显然，英语或印地语儿童就像世界上所有的儿童一样，需要对其母语的音系(发音结构)有一定的实用知识，以便将声音映射到意义上。这一章的重点是描述心理学家和语言学家对儿童获得对其母语的声音结构，特别是音素库存的敏感性的机制和过程的探索。本章将从简要回顾幼儿非凡的言语感知能力开始。接下来将描述这项研究，展示这些初始能力是如何形成的，并受到接触不同语言的影响。最后，
One of the most remarkable attributes of being human is the ability to acquire language, and considerable research in cognitive science has been directed toward understanding the process es and capabilities that make this feat possible. In order to acquire a spoken language, the listener must be able to parse the continuous stream of speech into sentences , clauses , words, syllables, and phonemes and to represent the infonnation at each level. A phoneme is a sub syllabic unit, and the difference in a single phoneme can convey different meanings (for example, big versus dig or bat versus bet ). There are differences between languages in the phoneme inventory. For instance, the distinction between Irl and III is important in English: the word "rate" means something quite different than the word late; however , this difference is not phonemicit does not signal a difference in meaningin Japanese . Similarly, the difference between a dental It I and retroflex IT I is not phonemic in English, although it can signal a difference in meaning in Hindi. Thus, for an English-learning child, the word table refers to a single class of items irrespective of whether the It I is produced with the tongue behind the front teeth (dental), on the ridge behind the teeth (alveolar), or with the underside of the tongue tip against the roof of the mouth (retroflex). For a Hindi-learning child, though, the dental and retroflex It ' I are both phonemes and thus can signal different words. Clearly, then, English or Hindi childrenlike all children in the worldrequire some working knowledge of the phonology (the sound structure) of their native language in order to map sound on to meaning. The focus of this chapter is to describe the quest by psychologists and linguists to understand the mechanisms and process es by which children acquire sensitivity to the sound structure, particularly the phoneme inventory , of their native language. The chapter will begin with a brief review of the remarkable speech perception abilities of young infants. This will be followed by a description of the research showing how these initial capacities are shaped and influenced by exposure to different languages. Finally,
影响因子：
13.9
作者：
Werker,JF;Tees,RC
通讯作者：
Tees,RC
影响因子：
56.9
作者：
KUHL, PK;WILLIAMS, KA;LINDBLOM, B
通讯作者：
LINDBLOM, B