Modeling 3D facial shape from DNA.
Modeling 3D facial shape from DNA.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pgen.1004224
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发表时间：
2014-03
期刊：
影响因子：
4.5
通讯作者：
Shriver MD
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Claes P;Liberton DK;Daniels K;Rosana KM;Quillen EE;Pearson LN;McEvoy B;Bauchet M;Zaidi AA;Yao W;Tang H;Barsh GS;Absher DM;Puts DA;Rocha J;Beleza S;Pereira RW;Baynam G;Suetens P;Vandermeulen D;Wagner JK;Boster JS;Shriver MD
人的面部多样性是实质性的，复杂的，并且在很大程度上是无法解释的。我们使用空间密集的准地标在三个地点（美国，巴西和佛得角）的西非和欧洲血统混合的种群样本中测量面部形状。使用基于自举反应的插定建模（BRIM），我们发现了面部变异与性别，基因组血统和颅面候选基因的子集之间的关系。这些变量的面部效应总结为基于响应的估计预测变量（RIP）变量，这些变量使用自我报告的性别，基因组血统以及基于观察者的面部评分（女性气质和比例祖先）和判断（性别和人口组）进行了验证。通过共同建模性别，基因组血统和基因型，可以发现特定等位基因对面部特征的独立影响。一组20个基因对面部特征的显着影响的结果为这种方法提供了支持，作为一种新型手段，可以识别影响正常面部特征的基因，并近似遗传标记中的面部出现。
脸也许是人体最固有的令人着迷和美学特征。这是整个人类历史以及整个文化和人口的艺术原则。它提供了最重要的手段，除了健康，性别和年龄外，我们还可以传达情绪和意图。然而，诸如眉脊的强度，眼睛之间的间距，鼻子的宽度和philtrum的形状之类的特征在很大程度上是无法解释的。在这里，我们使用一种新颖的方法来测量来自三个地点（美国，巴西和佛得角）的西非和欧洲血统混合的人群样本中的面部形状。我们表明，可以通过我们的方法系统地研究性，祖先和基因方面的面部变异，从而使我们能够为面部的预测建模奠定基础。这样的预测建模可能在法象上有用。例如，可以测试犯罪现场的DNA并进行预测，以帮助缩小潜在嫌疑人的库。此外，我们的方法可用于预测后代，已故祖先，甚至灭绝的人类的面部特征。此外，这些方法可能被证明是有用的诊断工具。
Human facial diversity is substantial, complex, and largely scientifically unexplained. We used spatially dense quasi-landmarks to measure face shape in population samples with mixed West African and European ancestry from three locations (United States, Brazil, and Cape Verde). Using bootstrapped response-based imputation modeling (BRIM), we uncover the relationships between facial variation and the effects of sex, genomic ancestry, and a subset of craniofacial candidate genes. The facial effects of these variables are summarized as response-based imputed predictor (RIP) variables, which are validated using self-reported sex, genomic ancestry, and observer-based facial ratings (femininity and proportional ancestry) and judgments (sex and population group). By jointly modeling sex, genomic ancestry, and genotype, the independent effects of particular alleles on facial features can be uncovered. Results on a set of 20 genes showing significant effects on facial features provide support for this approach as a novel means to identify genes affecting normal-range facial features and for approximating the appearance of a face from genetic markers. The face is perhaps the most inherently fascinating and aesthetic feature of the human body. It is a principle subject of art throughout human history and across cultures and populations. It provides the most significant means by which we communicate our emotions and intentions in addition to health, sex, and age. And yet features such as the strength of the brow ridge, the spacing between the eyes, the width of the nose, and the shape of the philtrum are largely scientifically unexplained. Here, we use a novel method to measure face shape in population samples with mixed West African and European ancestry from three locations (United States, Brazil, and Cape Verde). We show that facial variation with regard to sex, ancestry, and genes can be systematically studied with our methods, allowing us to lay the foundation for predictive modeling of faces. Such predictive modeling could be forensically useful; for example, DNA left at crime scenes could be tested and faces predicted in order to help to narrow the pool of potential suspects. Further, our methods could be used to predict the facial features of descendants, deceased ancestors, and even extinct human species. In addition, these methods could prove to be useful diagnostic tools.
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估计面部的遗传祖先比例。
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