The Cholinergic Gene Locus

The Cholinergic Gene Locus
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胆碱能基因座

DOI:
10.1046/j.1471-4159.1998.70062227.x
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发表时间:
1998
影响因子:
4.7
通讯作者:
L. Eiden
L. Eiden
中科院分区:
医学2区
文献类型:
--
作者:
L. Eiden

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摘要:信使RNA及其编码胆碱乙酰转移酶(ChAT)的同源基因(S)和囊泡型乙酰胆碱转运体(VAChT)是近十年来从哺乳动物和其他几类动物中克隆的。这些都为研究乙酰胆碱的合成和包装成突触小泡、胆碱能小泡的发生以及胆碱能神经系统的发育和衰老提供了分子工具。Vacht和Chat被发现共享一个共同的基因位点和基因转录调控元件。胆碱能基因座代表了一种以前未被发现的控制化学编码神经传递的神经元转录单位类型。Vacht转运功能的体外测试揭示了胺在分泌囊泡中积累的生物能量学。在体内对VAChT表达的操纵已经明确地表明,囊泡胞吐是神经肌肉接头传递乙酰胆碱量子的首要方式,因为在体内对乙酰胆碱酯酶水平的操纵已经证明了乙酰胆碱代谢在调节复杂功能(如认知)中的重要性。Vacht的光镜和电子显微镜显示,补充了先前的ChAT免疫组织化学,提高了对胆碱能囊泡、神经元和突触的起源和功能的理解。这些进展将加快“胆碱能”药理和基因治疗方法的发展,以治疗与胆碱能过剩和不足有关的人类疾病。
Abstract: Messenger RNAs and the cognate gene(s) encoding choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) have been cloned from mammals and several other animal classes in the last decade. These have provided molecular tools for investigating acetylcholine synthesis and packaging into synaptic vesicles, the genesis of cholinergic vesicles, and the development and senescence of the cholinergic nervous system. VAChT and ChAT have been found to share a common gene locus and regulatory elements for gene transcription. The cholinergic gene locus represents a previously undiscovered type of neuronal transcriptional unit controlling chemically coded neurotransmission. In vitro assays for the transport function of VAChT have shed light on the bioenergetics of amine accumulation in secretory vesicles. Manipulation of VAChT expression in vivo has demonstrated unequivocally the primacy of vesicular exocytosis as the mode of transmitting quanta of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction, as in vivo manipulation of acetylcholinesterase levels has demonstrated the importance of acetylcholine metabolism in the regulation of complex functions such as cognition. Light and electron microscopic visualization of VAChT, complementing previous ChAT immunohistochemistry, has improved understanding of the genesis and function of the cholinergic vesicle, neuron, and synapse. These advances should accelerate the development of “cholinergic” pharmacological and gene therapeutic approaches to treatment of human diseases that are associated with cholinergic surfeit and insufficiency.
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