Improving External Validity of Experimental Animal Data

Improving External Validity of Experimental Animal Data
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提高实验动物数据的外部有效性

DOI:
10.1002/9783527695881.ch4
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发表时间:
2016
期刊:
影响因子:
--
通讯作者:
Macrì S
Macrì S
中科院分区:
--
文献类型:
--
作者:
Richter SH;Spinello C;Macrì S

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生物学的一个核心事实是动物确实是变化的。实验动物是在形态、生化、生理和/或行为特征上表现出大量变异的生物。与此同时,人们充分认识到,遗传倾向和环境都对个体的表型有贡献,尽管它们如何确切地相互作用来塑造行为特征尚不清楚。虽然基因可能反映了先前种群对行为选择的进化反应,从而创造了某种环境对个体起作用的框架,但环境变化可能允许动物在发育过程中适应变化。因此,动物的表型可以被认为是基因型和个体发育的环境之间复杂和动态相互作用的结果。个体表型是遗传和环境影响的结果,这一概念得到了来自多个学科的理论考虑和实验数据的支持。例如,尽管心理学提出了婴儿经历与成人神经症之间不可分割的联系,但实验动物研究为婴儿忽视可能与精神障碍有关的观点提供了实验支持。正如这些开创性的努力强调了不良新生儿经历与成人病理之间的联系,其他研究也表明,培育新生儿的环境可能会发挥建设性的作用。因此,新生儿
A central fact of biology is that animals do vary. Laboratory animals are living beings that exhibit variation for a significant number of morphological, biochemical, physiological, and/or behavioral characteristics. Meanwhile, it is fully recognized that both genetic predispositions and the environment contribute to an individual’s phenotype, although it is still not clear how exactly they interact to shape the behavioral profile. Whereas genes may reflect the evolutionary responses of prior populations to selection on behavior and thereby create some kind of framework within which the environment acts on the individual, environmental variation may allow for adjusting to changes during the animals’ development. An animal’s phenotype can hence be regarded as the result of complex and dynamic interactions between the genotype and the environment in which an individual develops.The notion that the individual phenotype is the result of genetic and environmental influences has been supported by theoretical considerations and experimental data converging from several disciplines. For example, although psychology proposed an inextricable link between infantile experiences and adult neuroses [2], laboratory animal research provided experimental support for the notion that infantile neglect may relate to psychiatric disturbances [3]. Just as these pioneering efforts highlighted a link between adverse neonatal experiences and adult pathology, so also have other studies suggested that nurturing neonatal environments might exert constructive forces. Thus, neonatal
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