Shellfish face uncertain future in high CO2 world: influence of acidification on oyster larvae calcification and growth in estuaries.
Shellfish face uncertain future in high CO2 world: influence of acidification on oyster larvae calcification and growth in estuaries.
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在高二氧化碳排放的世界中，贝类面临着不确定的未来：酸化对河口牡蛎幼虫钙化和生长的影响。
DOI：
10.1371/journal.pone.0005661
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发表时间：
2009-05-27
期刊：
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Riedel GF
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Miller AW;Reynolds AC;Sobrino C;Riedel GF
在过去的200年里，人类活动使大气中的二氧化碳浓度增加了36%。三分之一的人为二氧化碳已被海洋吸收，使PH值降低了约0.1个单位，并显著改变了它们的碳酸盐化学。人们普遍担心，这些变化正在严重改变海洋生物栖息地，但很少或根本没有注意到河口和沿海环境的生物群，这些生态系统由于自然降低的碱度而缓冲的pH较少。为了应对CO2对河口钙化的诱导变化，两种牡蛎东方牡蛎(Crassostrea Virgiica)和太平洋牡蛎(Crassostrea Ariakens)的幼体在河口水中培养，分别在280、380、560和800微米的二氧化碳分压下，模拟前工业化时代的大气条件，分别模拟50年和100年的现在和预测的未来浓度。二氧化碳操作使用自动负反馈控制系统进行，该系统允许对实验水族箱中的二氧化碳进行连续和精确的控制。幼虫的生长通过图像分析来测量，钙化的测量通过其壳中钙的化学分析来测量。当比较工业化前和21世纪末的二氧化碳处理时，维吉尼亚螺壳面积减少了16%，钙含量减少了42%。加勒比梭子蟹的生长和钙化均未发生变化。这两个物种都表现出净钙化和生长，即使在文石不饱和的情况下也是如此，这一结果与之前对产生文石壳的无脊椎动物幼虫的预期相反。我们的结果表明，由于大气二氧化碳浓度升高，温带河口和沿海生态系统容易受到水化学预期变化的影响，生物对酸化的反应，特别是钙化生物群，将是物种特有的，因此比以前报道的更具变异性和复杂性。
Human activities have increased atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide by 36% during the past 200 years. One third of all anthropogenic CO2 has been absorbed by the oceans, reducing pH by about 0.1 of a unit and significantly altering their carbonate chemistry. There is widespread concern that these changes are altering marine habitats severely, but little or no attention has been given to the biota of estuarine and coastal settings, ecosystems that are less pH buffered because of naturally reduced alkalinity. To address CO2-induced changes to estuarine calcification, veliger larvae of two oyster species, the Eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica), and the Suminoe oyster (Crassostrea ariakensis) were grown in estuarine water under four pCO2 regimes, 280, 380, 560 and 800 µatm, to simulate atmospheric conditions in the pre-industrial era, present, and projected future concentrations in 50 and 100 years respectively. CO2 manipulations were made using an automated negative feedback control system that allowed continuous and precise control over the pCO2 in experimental aquaria. Larval growth was measured using image analysis, and calcification was measured by chemical analysis of calcium in their shells. C. virginica experienced a 16% decrease in shell area and a 42% reduction in calcium content when pre-industrial and end of 21st century pCO2 treatments were compared. C. ariakensis showed no change to either growth or calcification. Both species demonstrated net calcification and growth, even when aragonite was undersaturated, a result that runs counter to previous expectations for invertebrate larvae that produce aragonite shells. Our results suggest that temperate estuarine and coastal ecosystems are vulnerable to the expected changes in water chemistry due to elevated atmospheric CO2 and that biological responses to acidification, especially calcifying biota, will be species-specific and therefore much more variable and complex than reported previously.
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DOI：
10.1016/0011-7471(70)90038-0
发表时间：
1970-01-01
期刊：
DEEP-SEA RESEARCH
影响因子：
--
作者：
EDMOND, JM
通讯作者：
EDMOND, JM
影响因子：
4.5
作者：
Green, MA;Jones, ME;Westman, BA
通讯作者：
Westman, BA
影响因子：
4.5
作者：
BREESE, WP;MALOUF, RE
通讯作者：
MALOUF, RE
影响因子：
4.5
作者：
Cai, WJ;Wang, Y
通讯作者：
Wang, Y
影响因子：
56.9
作者：
Feely, RA;Sabine, CL;Millero, FJ
通讯作者：
Millero, FJ