Introduction to Special Issue on Collective Effects of Human Behavior
Introduction to Special Issue on Collective Effects of Human Behavior
复制标题
人类行为集体效应特刊简介
DOI：
10.1162/106454603322694799
复制
发表时间：
2003
期刊：
影响因子：
2.6
通讯作者：
H. Kunz
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
C. Hemelrijk;H. Kunz
人类的认知能力是高度发达的。因此，在人类中观察到的复杂的社会互动模式通常归因于他们复杂的能力，如计划，意图和普遍知识。因此，对人类行为的研究很少使用人工生命中开发的方法：简单单元之间的相互作用可能会通过自组织意外地产生复杂的结构。这与对较低认知的社会有机体的研究不同，例如社会昆虫，这种方法经常被应用[2]。然而，在人类中，复杂的互动模式也可能通过自组织出现。例如，哈佛大学经济学家托马斯·谢林（Thomas Schelling）在这一领域最早的著作中就证明了这一点。他对大城市中贫民区的形成很感兴趣。在一个模型中，谢林表明，即使接近自己类型的个体的愿望很轻微，其行为后果也可能在群体层面上增加，导致意想不到的“宏观模式”。在经济学[3]、政治学[1]、人类学[5]和语言学[4]中，沿着这些路线进行了许多研究，都以谢林为榜样。因此，这种方法似乎对研究人类的集体行为是有用的。这种建模称为合成。它将个体层面的规则与群体层面的行为相结合，这是人工生命研究的典型特征[6]。在这一期的《人工生命》中，它被应用于人类集体行为的广泛方面。在第一篇文章中，Janssen和Jager定义了人工消费者，他们根据对产品的不确定性和满意度使用不同的决策过程。例如，他们可能会重复他们以前的决定，模仿别人的选择，或者自己决定。研究表明，除了决策过程外，代理人的社会网络也影响产品多样性和市场稳定性。在第二篇文章中，研究了企业在不同距离上进行通信时的市场稳定性。最近，通信距离越来越大，部分原因是我们改进了交通系统和通信工具（电话，传真，电子邮件，电子商务）。Louzoun等人通过使用LotkaVolterra捕食者-被捕食者系统模型的扩展对此进行建模，在该模型中，企业在不同的距离上运营。在这种模式下，全球范围内的交换导致了单一主导市场体系的出现。这个系统很容易崩溃，因为它没有其他市场系统的缓冲。看来，公司之间的通信在中等距离（小于全球）最大限度地增加财富和稳定。我们大部分的交流都是通过语言来表达的。一个经常提出的问题是
The cognitive capacities of humans are highly developed. Consequently, the complex patterns of social interactions observed among humans are usually attributed to their sophisticated abilities, such as planning, intention, and universal knowledge. The study of human behavior, therefore, rarely uses the approach developed in artificial life: that interactions among simple units may unexpectedly result in complex structures by selforganization. This differs from studies of social organisms of lower cognition, such as social insects, to which this approach has been applied often [2]. However, also in humans complex patterns of interaction may emerge through self-organization. This has been demonstrated, for instance, in one of the earliest works in this field by the Harvard economist Thomas Schelling [7]. He was interested in ghetto formation in large cities. In a model, Schelling shows that, even if the desire to be close to individuals of one’s own type is slight, its behavioral consequences may increase at a group level, leading to unexpected “macropatterns.” Schelling’s example has been followed by a number of studies along these lines, in economics [3], in politics [1], in anthropology [5], and in linguistics [4]. Therefore, this approach appears to be useful for the study of collective behavior in humans. This kind of modeling is called synthetic. It integrates rules at the level of individuals with behavior at a group level, which is typical of studies in artificial life [6]. In this issue of Artificial Life, it is applied to a broad range of aspects of collective behavior of humans. In the first article, Janssen and Jager define artificial consumers who use different decision processes depending on their degree of uncertainty and satisfaction with products. They may, for instance, repeat their previous decision, imitate the choice of others, or decide themselves. The authors show that, apart from the process of decision, the social network of the agents also influences product diversity and market stability. In the second article, market stability is studied if firms communicate over different distances. Distance of communication has recently been getting larger, which is partly due to our improved transportation systems and communicatory tools (telephone, fax, e-mail, e-business). Louzoun et al. model this by using an extension of the LotkaVolterra model of predator-prey systems in which firms operate over different distances. In this model, exchange at a global level leads to the emergence of a single dominant market system. This system is prone to collapse, because it is not buffered by other market systems. It appears that communication between firms over a medium distance (smaller than global) maximizes both wealth and stability. Most of our communication is expressed via language. A frequently posed question is
影响因子：
1
作者：
SCHELLING, TC
通讯作者：
SCHELLING, TC