Nanoparticle-mediated systemic delivery of siRNA for treatment of cancers and viral infections.
Nanoparticle-mediated systemic delivery of siRNA for treatment of cancers and viral infections.
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作者：
Draz MS;Fang BA;Zhang P;Hu Z;Gu S;Weng KC;Gray JW;Chen FF
RNA干扰（RNA interference, RNAi）是一种内源性的转录后基因调控机制，非编码的双链RNA分子干扰某些基因的表达以使其沉默。自发现以来，这种现象已经发展成为一种强大的技术，可以在细胞和分子水平上诊断和治疗疾病。随着人们的广泛关注，短干扰RNA （siRNA）疗法为治疗包括遗传病、癌症和耐药病毒感染在内的各种不治之症带来了巨大的希望。然而，系统交付的挑战以及如何集成它们以展示所需的特性和功能仍然是实现其全部潜力的关键瓶颈。目前众所周知，纳米颗粒具有许多独特的特性，可以战略性地定制为新的先进siRNA递送系统。本文综述了目前文献中用于siRNA系统递送的各种纳米颗粒系统，包括二氧化硅和硅基纳米颗粒、金属和金属氧化物纳米颗粒、碳纳米管、石墨烯、树状大分子、聚合物、环糊精、脂质、水凝胶和半导体纳米晶体。这篇综述还包括siRNA递送的挑战和障碍以及不同纳米颗粒在克服这些挑战方面的作用。
RNA interference (RNAi) is an endogenous post-transcriptional gene regulatory mechanism, where non-coding, double-stranded RNA molecules interfere with the expression of certain genes in order to silence it. Since its discovery, this phenomenon has evolved as powerful technology to diagnose and treat diseases at cellular and molecular levels. With a lot of attention, short interfering RNA (siRNA) therapeutics has brought a great hope for treatment of various undruggable diseases, including genetic diseases, cancer, and resistant viral infections. However, the challenge of their systemic delivery and on how they are integrated to exhibit the desired properties and functions remains a key bottleneck for realizing its full potential. Nanoparticles are currently well known to exhibit a number of unique properties that could be strategically tailored into new advanced siRNA delivery systems. This review summarizes the various nanoparticulate systems developed so far in the literature for systemic delivery of siRNA, which include silica and silicon-based nanoparticles, metal and metal oxides nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, graphene, dendrimers, polymers, cyclodextrins, lipids, hydrogels, and semiconductor nanocrystals. Challenges and barriers to the delivery of siRNA and the role of different nanoparticles to surmount these challenges are also included in the review.
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