Properties and mechanisms of olfactory learning and memory.
Properties and mechanisms of olfactory learning and memory.
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DOI：
10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00238
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发表时间：
2014
影响因子：
3
通讯作者：
Cleland TA
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Tong MT;Peace ST;Cleland TA
记忆是一种动态的物理现象，具有心理测量形式和特征时间尺度。然而，我们对记忆神经生理学的细胞机制的理解大多来自一次性学习范式，尽管这种范式很强大，但并不能完全体现累积学习的渐进性、代表性和统计学方面。早期的嗅觉系统，特别是嗅球，包括一个合理的理解和实验可访问的神经元网络与内在的可塑性，一次试验（成人厌恶，新生儿）和累积（成人食欲）气味学习的基础。这些嗅觉回路采用许多相同的分子和结构机制的记忆，例如，海马电路后抑制性回避条件反射，但后调节分子事件的时间序列可能会有所不同，由于需要将新的信息从正在进行的学习事件到不断发展的记忆痕迹。此外，获得的气味表征的形状，以及它们在累积学习过程中的逐渐转变，也可以直接测量，为记忆强度和持久性的传统度量增加了额外的表征维度。在这篇综述中，我们描述了一些已建立的记忆的分子和结构机制，重点是后调节分子过程的时间过程。我们描述了嗅球固有的气味学习的特性，并回顾了成年啮齿动物的嗅觉系统作为记忆系统的效用，在其中研究累积学习的细胞机制。
Memories are dynamic physical phenomena with psychometric forms as well as characteristic timescales. Most of our understanding of the cellular mechanisms underlying the neurophysiology of memory, however, derives from one-trial learning paradigms that, while powerful, do not fully embody the gradual, representational, and statistical aspects of cumulative learning. The early olfactory system—particularly olfactory bulb—comprises a reasonably well-understood and experimentally accessible neuronal network with intrinsic plasticity that underlies both one-trial (adult aversive, neonatal) and cumulative (adult appetitive) odor learning. These olfactory circuits employ many of the same molecular and structural mechanisms of memory as, for example, hippocampal circuits following inhibitory avoidance conditioning, but the temporal sequences of post-conditioning molecular events are likely to differ owing to the need to incorporate new information from ongoing learning events into the evolving memory trace. Moreover, the shapes of acquired odor representations, and their gradual transformation over the course of cumulative learning, also can be directly measured, adding an additional representational dimension to the traditional metrics of memory strength and persistence. In this review, we describe some established molecular and structural mechanisms of memory with a focus on the timecourses of post-conditioning molecular processes. We describe the properties of odor learning intrinsic to the olfactory bulb and review the utility of the olfactory system of adult rodents as a memory system in which to study the cellular mechanisms of cumulative learning.
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