The Role of Na(+) and K(+) Transporters in Salt Stress Adaptation in Glycophytes.
The Role of Na(+) and K(+) Transporters in Salt Stress Adaptation in Glycophytes.
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DOI：
10.3389/fphys.2017.00509
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发表时间：
2017
影响因子：
4
通讯作者：
Yaish MW
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Assaha DVM;Ueda A;Saneoka H;Al-Yahyai R;Yaish MW
离子胁迫是盐胁迫的重要组成部分之一，是由过量的Na+积累引起的，特别是在植物的地上部分。由于Na+干扰K+稳态，特别是考虑到其参与许多代谢过程，维持平衡的细胞溶质Na+/K+比率已成为一个关键的耐盐机制。实现这种稳态平衡需要Na+和K+转运蛋白和/或通道的活性。盐生植物和糖生植物对Na+和K+的吸收和转运机制基本相同，但糖生植物比盐生植物更易受离子胁迫的影响。转运机制涉及Na+和/或K+转运体和通道以及非选择性阳离子通道。因此，出现的问题是，是否糖植物和盐生植物之间的耐盐性的差异可能是在蛋白质或编码转运蛋白的基因的表达的差异的结果。本文综述了糖植物中主要的Na+和K+转运体和通道在Na+和K+的吸收、转运和细胞内稳态中的作用。事实证明，这些转运蛋白和通道对于盐生植物的适应同样重要，但差异基因表达，蛋白质的结构差异（单核苷酸取代，影响亲和力）和翻译后修饰（磷酸化）解释了它们活性的差异，因此两组之间的耐受性差异。此外，缺乏能力，以维持稳定的质膜（PM）电位后Na+诱导的去极化也是至关重要的盐胁迫耐受性。这种稳定的膜电位由Na+/H+反向转运蛋白如PM处的SOS 1的活性维持。此外，新的调节Na+和K+运输途径，包括Nax 1和Nax 2基因座的调节SOS 1的表达和活性中柱，血红素加氧酶参与稳定膜电位通过激活H+-ATP酶活性，有利于K+吸收通过HAK/AKT 1，已被证明和讨论。
Ionic stress is one of the most important components of salinity and is brought about by excess Na+ accumulation, especially in the aerial parts of plants. Since Na+ interferes with K+ homeostasis, and especially given its involvement in numerous metabolic processes, maintaining a balanced cytosolic Na+/K+ ratio has become a key salinity tolerance mechanism. Achieving this homeostatic balance requires the activity of Na+ and K+ transporters and/or channels. The mechanism of Na+ and K+ uptake and translocation in glycophytes and halophytes is essentially the same, but glycophytes are more susceptible to ionic stress than halophytes. The transport mechanisms involve Na+ and/or K+ transporters and channels as well as non-selective cation channels. Thus, the question arises of whether the difference in salt tolerance between glycophytes and halophytes could be the result of differences in the proteins or in the expression of genes coding the transporters. The aim of this review is to seek answers to this question by examining the role of major Na+ and K+ transporters and channels in Na+ and K+ uptake, translocation and intracellular homeostasis in glycophytes. It turns out that these transporters and channels are equally important for the adaptation of glycophytes as they are for halophytes, but differential gene expression, structural differences in the proteins (single nucleotide substitutions, impacting affinity) and post-translational modifications (phosphorylation) account for the differences in their activity and hence the differences in tolerance between the two groups. Furthermore, lack of the ability to maintain stable plasma membrane (PM) potentials following Na+-induced depolarization is also crucial for salt stress tolerance. This stable membrane potential is sustained by the activity of Na+/H+ antiporters such as SOS1 at the PM. Moreover, novel regulators of Na+ and K+ transport pathways including the Nax1 and Nax2 loci regulation of SOS1 expression and activity in the stele, and haem oxygenase involvement in stabilizing membrane potential by activating H+-ATPase activity, favorable for K+ uptake through HAK/AKT1, have been shown and are discussed.
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