Incipient silicification of recent conifer wood at a Yellowstone hot spring

Incipient silicification of recent conifer wood at a Yellowstone hot spring
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黄石温泉近期针叶树的早期硅化

DOI:
10.1016/j.gca.2014.10.018
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发表时间:
2015
影响因子:
5
通讯作者:
Mansfeldt T.
Mansfeldt T.
中科院分区:
地球科学1区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Hellawell J;Ballhaus C;Gee C.T;Mustoe G.E;Nagel T.J;Wirth R;Rethemeyer J;Tomaschek F;Geisler T;Greef K;Mansfeldt T.

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黄石国家公园蓄水池泉的硅质烧结物裙上的一根黑松(扭叶松)的分支用硅胶进行了部分矿化。硅在分支横截面上的分布表明成矿作用是幕式的。早期富含二氧化硅的溶液利用木材中的细胞结构作为通道,特别是轴向管胞和射线。后来的溶液通过沿着去皮质分支外围的收缩裂缝渗入分支。在管胞中,一个明显的偏好是注意到二氧化硅沉淀线lumina的早材管胞,这表明,这种差异的浓度在二氧化硅可能反映了季节性生长和水的吸收在活树。拉曼光谱鉴定二氧化硅相为无定形硅胶。二次电子图像的径向截面沿着管胞表明,二氧化硅的分布是在微米尺度上的不均匀性。硅胶沉淀物形成具有向下延伸至亚纳米尺度的球形子结构的微球体。所有细胞壁都用单层模板化,单层由直径约100 nm的紧密间隔的硅胶纳米球组成。通过部分矿化管胞的细胞壁的聚焦离子束截面的透射电子显微镜显示,渗透矿化的细胞结构和硅的有机材料的替代过程,齐头并进。这个分支用14 C计时器测得的年代为140 ± 33年,这表明化石记录中保存木材的硅化反应可能非常迅速。木材中硅分布的纹理考虑表明,硅化的早期阶段,在这个分支日期从松树还活着的时候。
A branch of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) from a silica sinter apron of Cistern Spring, Yellowstone National Park, is partially mineralized with silica gel. The distribution of Si mapped in transverse sections of the branch suggests that mineralization was episodic. Early silica-rich solutions used the cellular structures in the wood as pathways, in particular the axial tracheids and rays. Later solutions infiltrated into the branch through shrinkage cracks along the decorticated branch’s periphery. Among the tracheids, a distinct preference is noted for silica precipitates to line lumina of the earlywood tracheids, suggesting that this differential concentration in silica may reflect seasonal growth and water uptake in a live tree. Raman spectroscopy identifies the silica phases as amorphous silica gel. Secondary electron images of radial sections along the tracheids demonstrate that the distribution of silica is heterogeneous on a micrometer scale. Silica gel precipitates form micro spheroids with a spherical substructure that extends down to the sub-nanometer scale. All cell walls are templated with a monolayer consisting of closely spaced silica gel nano spheres around 100 nm in diameter. Transmission electron microscopy of focused ion beam sections through cell walls of partially mineralized tracheids reveals that the permineralization of cellular structures and the replacement of organic material by silica are processes that go hand in hand. The branch is dated with the14C chronometer to 140 ± 33 years, underlining that the silicification reactions that preserve wood in the fossil record can be very rapid. Textural considerations of Si distribution in the wood suggest that the early stages of silicification in this branch date from a time when the pine tree was still alive.
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