Physiological and Biochemical Mechanisms of Plant Adaptation to Low-Fertility Acid Soils of the Tropics: The Case of Brachiariagrasses

Physiological and Biochemical Mechanisms of Plant Adaptation to Low-Fertility Acid Soils of the Tropics: The Case of Brachiariagrasses
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植物适应热带低肥力酸性土壤的生理生化机制:以臂形草为例

DOI:
10.5772/30334
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发表时间:
2011
期刊:
The New phytologist
影响因子:
--
通讯作者:
T. Wagatsuma
T. Wagatsuma
中科院分区:
--
文献类型:
--
作者:
Toshihiro Watanabe;Md. Shahadat Hossain Khan;I. Rao;J. Wasaki;T. Shinano;M. Ishitani;H. Koyama;S. Ishikawa;K. Tawaraya;M. Nanamori;Nozomi Ueki;T. Wagatsuma

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臂尾轮虫是世界上种植最广泛的热带牧草(Miles等人,2004年)。例如,仅在巴西,就有大约8000万公顷种植臂尾轮虫牧场(Macedo,2005)。与拉丁美洲热带地区的本地稀树草原植被相比,它们将动物生产力提高了5到10倍,从而对农民的收入做出了重大贡献(Rao等人,1993)。虽然它们起源于非洲的热带地区,但在东南亚和澳大利亚也被用于畜牧业生产。其中,斜纹臂尾轮藻Brchiaria decumbens cv.Basilisk、布氏臂尾轮虫Brachiaria brizantha cv.Marandu和RuzizihiBrachiaria ruziziensis cv.肯尼迪更常用于热带地区的畜牧业生产(Miles等人,2004年)。在这三种草中,十字花草高度适应贫瘠的酸性土壤,即对土壤中高铝(Al)饱和、低磷(P)和低钙(Ca)供应的高度耐受(Louw-Gaume等人,2010 a,b;Rao等人,1995,1996;Wenzl等人,2001,2003),但也对一种主要昆虫--唾虫高度敏感(Miles等人,2006),并在感染Pithmyces chartarum后产生真菌毒素(Andrade等人,1978)。布氏假单胞菌Marandu对唾虫高度抵抗,适应季节性干旱胁迫,对化肥施用高度敏感,但不能很好地适应低肥力酸性土壤(Miles等人,2004,2006)。Ruzizisis cv.肯尼迪对唾液细菌敏感,在排水良好的肥沃土壤中表现较好,具有高饲料质量,但不太适应低肥力的酸性土壤(石垣县,2010年;迈尔斯等人,2004年)。B.decumbens和B.brizantha通常是四倍体的无融合生殖,而B.ruziziens是二倍体的,有性的(Miles等人,2004,2006)。
Brachiaria species are the most widely planted tropical forage grasses in the world (Miles et al., 2004). For example, in Brazil alone, about 80 million hectares are planted to Brachiaria pastures (Macedo, 2005). They increase animal productivity by 5 to 10 times with respect to native savanna vegetation in the tropical areas of Latin America, thus representing a significant contribution to farmer’s income (Rao et al., 1993). Although their origin is from the tropical areas of Africa, they are also used for livestock production in South-East Asia and Australia. Among them, Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk, Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu, and Brachiaria ruziziensis cv. Kennedy have been more commonly utilized for livestock production in the tropics (Miles et al., 2004). Among the three grasses, B. decumbens is highly adapted to infertile acid soils, i. e., high level of tolerance to high aluminium (Al) saturation, low phosphorus (P) and low calcium (Ca) supply in soil (Louw-Gaume et al., 2010 a,b; Rao et al., 1995, 1996; Wenzl et al., 2001, 2003), but also highly sensitive to a major insect, spittlebugs (Miles et al., 2006) and produces mycotoxin after infection with Pithomyces chartarum (Andrade et al., 1978). B. brizantha cv. Marandu is highly resistant to spittlebugs, adapted to seasonal drought stress, highly responsive to fertilizer application but is not well adapted to low fertility acid soils (Miles et al., 2004, 2006). B. ruziziensis cv. Kennedy is sensitive to spittlebugs, performs better in well-drained fertile soils, has high forage quality but poorly adapted to low fertility acid soils (Ishigaki, 2010; Miles et al., 2004). B. decumbens and B. brizantha are generally tetraploid, apomicts while B. ruziziensis is diploid, sexual (Miles et al., 2004, 2006).
L.S. Green 等人:“番茄光合和非光合组织中的铁氧还蛋白和铁氧还蛋白-NADP 还原酶”Plant Physiol。
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