Economic hardship and the development of five- and six-year-olds: Neighborhood and regional perspectives.
Economic hardship and the development of five- and six-year-olds: Neighborhood and regional perspectives.
复制标题
经济困难与五六岁儿童的发展：邻里和区域视角。
DOI：
10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996.tb01917.x
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发表时间：
1996
影响因子：
4.6
通讯作者：
Rachel A. Gordon
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
P. Chase‐Lansdale;Rachel A. Gordon
本研究探讨了邻里特征与 5 岁和 6 岁儿童发展之间的关联。我们还探讨了地区如何缓和社区对儿童的影响，从而考虑更大（地区）和更小（社区）的家庭环境。我们发现，人口普查区层面的邻里结构方面与学龄早期儿童的发展有关。对于整个样本来说，即使家庭因素受到控制，邻里因素也会在认知和社会情感结果中发挥作用。然而，在我们的主效应模型中，对邻里关系对儿童发展的影响的支持力度并不明显。看来邻里对儿童发展的影响被低估或掩盖了，除非美国的两个地区（中西部和东北部与南部和西部）分别研究这些关联。在东北部和中西部地区，邻里变量与儿童发展之间存在显着关联，但在美国南部和西部地区则较少。更大的经济和社会资源（以平均社区 SES（收入、教育、职业）来衡量）和更大的种族一致性（以更多与孩子具有相同种族传统的邻居来衡量）与更高的认知功能相关，但仅限于东北部和中西部。此外，当附近成人与儿童的相对存在量较高时，这些地区的儿童表现出更强的行为功能。在这些地区，当社区男性失业率较高时，非裔美国人而非白人儿童表现出较高程度的行为问题。我们推测这些邻里和区域影响可能背后的过程，并指出进一步研究的方向。
The present study examines the association between neighborhood characteristics and the development of 5- and 6-year-olds. We also explore how region might moderate the effects of neighborhoods on children, thus considering both larger (regional) and smaller (community) contexts of families. We find that structural aspects of the neighborhood at the census tract level are associated with child development in the early school-age period. For the sample as a whole, neighborhood factors play a role in both cognitive and socioemotional outcomes, even when family factors are controlled. Yet only modest support for neighborhood influences on child development is evident in our main effects models. It appears that neighborhood influences on child development are underestimated or masked unless the associations are examined separately by two areas of the United States: the Midwest and Northeast versus the South and West. Significant associations between neighborhood variables and children's development are seen in the Northeastern and Midwestern regions, but less so in the Southern and Western regions of the United States. Greater economic and social resources as measured by average neighborhood SES (income, education, occupation) and greater ethnic congruity as measured by more neighbors of the same racial heritage as the child are related to higher cognitive functioning, but only in the Northeast and Midwest. Furthermore, children in these regions show more competent behavioral functioning when the relative presence of adults to children in the neighborhood is higher. In these regions, African-American but not white children show higher levels of behavior problems when community male joblessness rates are higher. We speculate about processes that might underlie these neighborhood and regional effects and point to directions for further research.
影响因子：
4.6
作者：
CONGER, RD;GE, XJ;SIMONS, RL
通讯作者：
SIMONS, RL
影响因子：
4.6
作者：
MCLOYD, VC;JAYARATNE, TE;BORQUEZ, J
通讯作者：
BORQUEZ, J