Beyond cognacy: historical relations between words and their implication for phylogenetic reconstruction
Beyond cognacy: historical relations between words and their implication for phylogenetic reconstruction
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超越同源性：词语之间的历史关系及其对系统发育重建的影响
DOI：
10.1093/jole/lzw006
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发表时间：
2016
影响因子：
2.6
通讯作者：
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
本文探讨了语言学中的词汇（认知）和生物学中的基因（同源）之间的基本历史关系的术语和过程。语言学与生物学的比较表明，两个研究领域之间的类比以及语言学系统发育重建中所应用的模型存在着重大的不一致。词与词之间的认知被视为存在或不存在的二元关系。然而，单词可以表现出不同程度的认知，这超出了生物学中直系同源基因和旁系同源基因之间的区别。认知的复杂性对用于系统发育重建的模型有很强的影响。我们不应该把词汇的演变看作是同源词获得和同源词丧失的过程，而应该超越同源词的关系，发展出考虑到同源程度的模型。这选择使用的进化模型，处理多态字符，并允许定义潜在的不对称的字符状态之间的过渡趋势，而不是时间可逆的二元状态模型在系统发育的方法。具有不对称过渡趋势的多状态模型的好处是通过测试不同的词汇变化模型在简约框架下对23种汉语方言的词汇统计数据集进行语义重构来证明的。结果表明，改进的模型在很大程度上优于流行的收益损失模型。这表明，改进的词汇变化模型可能会对语言学中的系统发育方法产生重大影响。
This article investigates the terminology and the processes underlying the fundamental historical relations between words in linguistics (cognacy) and genes in biology (homology). The comparison between linguistics and biology shows that there are major inconsistencies in the analogies drawn between the two research fields and the models applied in phylogenetic reconstruction in linguistics. Cognacy between words is treated as a binary relation which is either present or not. Words, however, can exhibit different degrees of cognacy which go beyond the distinction between orthologous and paralogous genes in biology. The complex nature of cognacy has strong implications for the models used for phylogenetic reconstruction. Instead of modeling lexical evolution as a process of cognate gain and cognate loss, we need to go beyond the cognate relation and develop models which take thedegrees of cognacyinto account. This opts for the use of evolutionary models which handle multistate characters and allow to define potentially asymmetrical transition tendencies among the character states instead of time-reversible binary state models in phylogenetic approaches. The benefit of multistate models with asymmetric transition tendencies is demonstrated by testing how well different models of lexical change perform in semantic reconstruction on a lexicostatistical dataset of 23 Chinese dialects in a parsimony framework. The results show that the improved models largely outperform the popular gain–loss models. This suggests that improved models of lexical change may have strong consequences for phylogenetic approaches in linguistics.
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