Translation of fear reflex into impaired cognitive function mediated by worry
Translation of fear reflex into impaired cognitive function mediated by worry
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将恐惧反射转化为担忧介导的认知功能受损
DOI：
10.1007/s11434-016-1177-9
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发表时间：
2016-10
期刊：
影响因子：
18.9
通讯作者：
Chen Antao
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Zhuang Qian;Chen Antao
焦虑症通常以认知障碍为特征。特别是，焦虑的担忧维度与认知能力受损密切相关[1，2]。担忧干扰了从行动监控到错误后调整的信号传输，导致行为表现没有改善[3]。此外，如果担心是指焦虑的认知层面，恐惧可以被认为是情绪和心理上的觉醒。恐惧和担心之间的关系已经在许多研究中进行了探索。处于恐惧中的个体比处于担忧中的个体对情绪刺激更敏感，这表明了恐惧和担忧在注意力投入方面的区别[4]。此外，担心作为对比回避，可能会试图抑制恐惧体验[5]。恐惧和担心之间的交互作用对焦虑体验有显著影响。例如，当一条蛇意外出现时，一个人可能会自动地跳起来并大叫（恐惧反射）。一旦恐惧被泛化，恐惧个体可能会回避相关线索，做出不切实际的评价，甚至对类似的刺激产生预期。有了消极偏见，个体对威胁的恐惧感就会增加。与此同时，这个人陷入了令人担忧的思考（担忧），比如“如果我踩到它会发生什么？”。虽然目的是控制恐惧，但这种语言活动实际上会导致更大的负面情绪和生理激活。此外，令人担忧的想法会阻碍认知任务的表现。简而言之，担心对恐惧体验和认知功能（在焦虑组中）有影响。然而，目前还不清楚在外显威胁条件下，焦虑如何参与将恐惧转化为干扰的认知表现。以前的研究已经描述了焦虑模型中的五个不确定性和预期过程[6]。该模型的核心是对潜在威胁的不确定性的预期被打乱，表现为对概率和成本的过度估计，提高警惕，对威胁的偏见和受损的安全学习。然而，适应不良的反应，具体的恐惧刺激不能解释在这个模型。此外，在明确的威胁条件下，恐惧反射往往是自动的，在担心之前被诱发。因此，为了理解在特定威胁条件下，适应不良反应是如何参与和破坏认知表现的，我们提出了四个过程来解决通过担忧将恐惧转化为受损的认知结果，包括恐惧反射;带有负面偏见的预期和评价;担忧的对比回避;以及受损的认知表现（图1）。在这些过程中，担忧期间的语言活动会加剧负面体验，并在认知障碍中发挥关键作用。当一个突出的威胁意外出现时，大脑会自动做出反应（恐惧反射）。自下而上的感觉机制，例如，右颞下回和右颞顶皮层都涉及其中[4]。在这个过程中，杏仁核是恐惧知觉的关键结构，dACC与消极情绪的主观体验有关。同时，杏仁核和海马区的记忆系统也参与了恐惧记忆痕迹的获取和提取。与拦截、情感和认知相关的先前经验的记忆也会立即被回忆起来。在这种情况下，相关的大脑区域被占用。随后，所有信息被整合并传递到前部
Anxiety is generally characterized by cognitive impairment. In particular, the worry dimension of anxiety is closely related to impaired cognitive performance [1, 2]. Worry interferes with the transmission of signal from action-monitoring to post-error adjustments, which leads to unimproved behavioral performance [3]. Additionally, if worry refers to the cognitive dimension of anxiety, fear can be considered as emotional and psychological arousal. The relationship between fear and worry has been explored in numerous studies. Individuals in fear are more sensitive to emotional stimuli than those in worry, which shows the distinction between fear and worry in attention engagement [4]. Besides, worry, as the contrast avoidance, may attempt to inhibit the fear experience [5]. The interaction between fear and worry has a significant effect on the anxious experience. For example, when a snake appears unexpectedly, one may jump and yell automatically (fear reflex). Once fear is generalized, the fearful individual may avoid the related cue, make unrealistic appraisals and even have anticipation about similar stimuli. With the negative bias, the individual experience more fear of the threat. Meanwhile, the individual engages in worrisome thinking (worry), such as ‘‘What would have happened if I had stepped on it?’’. Although the intention is to control the fear, this linguistic activity actually leads to greater negative emotions and physiological activation. In addition, the worrisome thoughts impede performance during cognitive tasks. In brief, worry has an effect on the fear experience and cognitive function (in anxiety groups). However, it remains unclear how worry is involved in the translation of fear into disrupted cognitive performance under the condition of explicit threat. Previous research has described five processes of uncertainty and anticipation in the model of anxiety [6]. The core of this model are disrupted expectancies regarding uncertainty about potential threats, which manifests as excessive estimates of probability and cost, heightened vigilance, biased attention toward threat, and impaired safety learning. However, maladaptive responses to specific fear stimuli cannot be explained in this model. In addition, under the condition of an explicit threat, the fear reflex is often automatic and elicited before worry. Therefore, to understand how maladaptive responses are engaged and disruptive to cognitive performance under the condition of specific threat, we propose four processes to address the translation of fear into impaired cognitive outcomes through worry, including the fear reflex; anticipation and appraisal with negative bias; contrast avoidance of worry; and impaired cognitive performance (Fig. 1). During these processes, linguistic activity during worry exacerbates the negative experience and plays a critical role in cognitive impairment. When a salient threat emerges unexpectedly, the brain responds automatically (fear reflex). The bottom-up sensory mechanisms, for example, the right inferior temporal gyrus and right temporoparietal cortex are implicated [4]. During this process, the amygdala is a key structure in fear perception and the dACC is associated with the subjective experience of negative affect. Meanwhile, the amygdala and hippocampus-based memory system are recruited for acquisition and retrieval of fear memory traces. The memories of previous experience linked to interception, affect, and cognition are also recalled instantly. In this case, the related brain regions are engaged. Subsequently, all information is integrated and transmitted to the anterior
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影响因子：
18.4
作者：
Newman MG;Llera SJ;Erickson TM;Przeworski A;Castonguay LG
通讯作者：
Castonguay LG
影响因子：
3.1
作者：
Spielberg JM;De Leon AA;Bredemeier K;Heller W;Engels AS;Warren SL;Crocker LD;Sutton BP;Miller GA
通讯作者：
Miller GA
DOI：
10.1073/pnas.1002291107
发表时间：
2010-09-21
影响因子：
11.1
作者：
Snyder, Hannah R.;Hutchison, Natalie;Munakata, Yuko
通讯作者：
Munakata, Yuko
影响因子：
4.2
作者：
Tim P. Moran;E. Bernat;Selin Aviyente;Hans S. Schroder;J. Moser
通讯作者：
Tim P. Moran;E. Bernat;Selin Aviyente;Hans S. Schroder;J. Moser
影响因子：
3.7
作者：
Engels, Anna S.;Heller, Wendy;Miller, Gregory A.
通讯作者：
Miller, Gregory A.