Muscle architecture and out‐force potential of the thoracic limb in the eastern mole (Scalopus aquaticus)
Muscle architecture and out‐force potential of the thoracic limb in the eastern mole (Scalopus aquaticus)
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东部鼹鼠（水生扇贝）胸肢的肌肉结构和外力潜力
DOI：
10.1002/jmor.20178
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发表时间：
2013
影响因子：
1.5
通讯作者：
M. Butcher
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
J. Rose;Mark Sandefur;S. Huskey;Jennifer L. Demler;M. Butcher
鼹鼠用肥大的胸带肌肉修饰了胸肢，这使得它们在挖掘洞穴时，在力量划水时能够施加非常高的横向外力。为了进一步了解鼹鼠前肢的高力量能力，对东方鼹鼠(Scalopus Aquaticus)胸肢肌肉的结构特性进行了量化。测量的结构特征包括肌肉质量、力矩臂、腹部长度、束长度和羽状角，这些被用来估计最大等长力、关节扭矩和功率。此外，还测量了肌肉力矩、手臂和四肢杠杆长度，以分析主要胸带肌肉的外力贡献。大多数肌肉都有相对较长的束状物，几乎没有羽状物。作为一个功能组的肱骨外展肌/旋转肌是巨大的，能够产生相对较高的力、功率和关节扭矩。在这一组中，两年生圆大肌是最大的，有能力产生最大的力量和关节扭矩来外展和轴向旋转肱骨。一般情况下，四肢远端肌肉相对较小，但有较大的力量和机械功的能力，通过束缩短。肘伸肌(例如，三头肌)和腕屈肌(例如，掌长肌)的肌肉结构特性与这些肌肉增强侧向用力的功能是一致的。计算出，在力量划水中，肩关节的背阔肌、圆肌、胸肌和肩下肌外展肌/旋转肌所产生的外力为13.9N，而这股外力作用于导致胸锁关节周围外展骨外展的‘额面’平面上。鼹鼠的挖掘工具有几个专门化，极大地增强了外力的应用，这些形态特征表明新旧大陆鼹鼠在肢体形状和挖掘功能上是趋同的。J.Morphol。274：1277-1287,2013。©2013 Wiley期刊，Inc.
Moles have modified thoracic limbs with hypertrophied pectoral girdle muscles that allow them to apply remarkably high lateral out‐forces during the power stroke when burrowing. To further understand the high force capabilities of mole forelimbs, architectural properties of the thoracic limb muscles were quantified in the Eastern mole (Scalopus aquaticus). Architectural properties measured included muscle mass, moment arm, belly length, fascicle length, and pennation angle, and these were used to provide estimates of maximum isometric force, joint torque, and power. Measurements of muscle moment arms and limb lever lengths were additionally used to analyze the out‐force contributions of the major pectoral girdle muscles. Most muscles have relatively long fascicles and little‐to‐no pennation. The humeral abductor/rotators as a functional group are massive and are capable of relatively high force, power, and joint torque. Of this group, the bipennate m. teres major is the most massive and has the capacity to produce the highest force and joint torque to abduct and axially rotate the humerus. In general, the distal limb muscles are relatively small, but have the capacity for high force and mechanical work by fascicle shortening. The muscle architectural properties of the elbow extensors (e.g., m. triceps brachii) and carpal flexors (e.g., m. palmaris longus) are consistent with the function of these muscles to augment lateral out‐force application. The humeral abductor/rotators m. latissimus dorsi, m. teres major, m. pectoralis, and m. subscapularis are calculated to contribute 13.9 N to out‐force during the power stroke, and this force is applied in a ‘frontal’ plane causing abduction of the humerus about the sternoclavicular joint. Moles have several specializations of their digging apparatus that greatly enhance the application of out‐force, and these morphological features suggest convergence on limb form and burrowing function between New and Old World moles. J. Morphol. 274:1277–1287, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
原钒酸盐对快速骨骼肌缩短速度的抑制作用的温度依赖性。
影响因子：
3.4
作者：
Pate,E;Wilson,GJ;Bhimani,M;Cooke,R
通讯作者：
Cooke,R
影响因子：
--
作者：
F. Zajac
通讯作者：
F. Zajac