Mitochondrial ceramide-rich macrodomains functionalize Bax upon irradiation.

Mitochondrial ceramide-rich macrodomains functionalize Bax upon irradiation.
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线粒体富含神经酰胺的宏域在辐照后功能化bax。

DOI:
10.1371/journal.pone.0019783
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发表时间:
2011
期刊:
影响因子:
3.7
通讯作者:
Kolesnick R
Kolesnick R
中科院分区:
综合性期刊3区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Lee H;Rotolo JA;Mesicek J;Penate-Medina T;Rimner A;Liao WC;Yin X;Ragupathi G;Ehleiter D;Gulbins E;Zhai D;Reed JC;Haimovitz-Friedman A;Fuks Z;Kolesnick R

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有证据表明,Bax 作为“脂质”孔发挥作用,通过未知的膜元件调节线粒体外膜透化 (MOMP),即细胞凋亡的承诺步骤。在这里,我们展示了线粒体神经酰胺升高通过产生以前未被识别的富含线粒体神经酰胺的宏结构域 (MCRM) 来促进 HeLa 细胞中 MOMP 介导的细胞色素 c 释放,我们将其可视化并分离,Bax 整合到其中。 MCRM 在静息细胞中几乎不存在,通过辐射与神经酰胺合酶介导的神经酰胺升高相结合而形成,从而优化 Bax 插入/寡聚化和 MOMP。通过共聚焦显微镜在完整的 HeLa 细胞中检测 MCRM,并通过生物物理方法从 HeLa 细胞裂解物中分离出轻质膜组分。使用明确的天然神经酰胺合酶抑制剂伏马菌素 B1 抑制神经酰胺生成,可防止辐射诱导的 Bax 插入、寡聚化和 MOMP。使用纯化的小鼠肝线粒体进行 MCRM 解构表明,单独的神经酰胺不会导致细胞凋亡。相反,Bax 整合到 MCRM 中,在其中寡聚化,从而使细胞色素 c 释放增强 1-2 个对数。与此机制一致,MCRM Bax 分离为高分子量“成孔”低聚物,而非 MCRM 膜仅包含与 MOMP 不相容的单体 Bax。我们最近对秀丽隐杆线虫种系的研究表明,线粒体神经酰胺的产生对于辐射诱导的细胞凋亡是必然的,尽管神经酰胺的作用机制尚未阐明。在这里,我们证明了哺乳动物细胞线粒体外膜在辐射后产生的神经酰胺形成了一个平台,Bax 可以插入该平台,寡聚化并功能化为孔。我们将神经酰胺概念化为基于膜的应激校准器,驱动膜宏结构域组织,在线粒体中调节 Bax 诱导的 MOMP 的强度,并且在体外和体内药理学上易于处理。
Evidence indicates that Bax functions as a “lipidic” pore to regulate mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP), the apoptosis commitment step, through unknown membrane elements. Here we show mitochondrial ceramide elevation facilitates MOMP-mediated cytochrome c release in HeLa cells by generating a previously-unrecognized mitochondrial ceramide-rich macrodomain (MCRM), which we visualize and isolate, into which Bax integrates. MCRMs, virtually non-existent in resting cells, form upon irradiation coupled to ceramide synthase-mediated ceramide elevation, optimizing Bax insertion/oligomerization and MOMP. MCRMs are detected by confocal microscopy in intact HeLa cells and isolated biophysically as a light membrane fraction from HeLa cell lysates. Inhibiting ceramide generation using a well-defined natural ceramide synthase inhibitor, Fumonisin B1, prevented radiation-induced Bax insertion, oligomerization and MOMP. MCRM deconstruction using purified mouse hepatic mitochondria revealed ceramide alone is non-apoptogenic. Rather Bax integrates into MCRMs, oligomerizing therein, conferring 1–2 log enhanced cytochrome c release. Consistent with this mechanism, MCRM Bax isolates as high molecular weight “pore-forming” oligomers, while non-MCRM membrane contains exclusively MOMP-incompatible monomeric Bax. Our recent studies in the C. elegans germline indicate that mitochondrial ceramide generation is obligate for radiation-induced apoptosis, although a mechanism for ceramide action was not delineated. Here we demonstrate that ceramide, generated in the mitochondrial outer membrane of mammalian cells upon irradiation, forms a platform into which Bax inserts, oligomerizes and functionalizes as a pore. We posit conceptualization of ceramide as a membrane-based stress calibrator, driving membrane macrodomain organization, which in mitochondria regulates intensity of Bax-induced MOMP, and is pharmacologically tractable in vitro and in vivo.
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