Mucus-Trap-Assisted Feeding Is a Common Strategy of the Small Mixoplanktonic Prorocentrum pervagatum and P. cordatum (Prorocentrales, Dinophyceae).
Mucus-Trap-Assisted Feeding Is a Common Strategy of the Small Mixoplanktonic Prorocentrum pervagatum and P. cordatum (Prorocentrales, Dinophyceae).
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DOI：
10.3390/microorganisms11071730
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发表时间：
2023-07-01
期刊：
影响因子：
4.5
通讯作者：
Larsson, Michaela E.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Tillmann, Urban;Mitra, Aditee;Flynn, Kevin J.;Larsson, Michaela E.
原甲藻是一种具有世界性分布的水华形成性甲藻。虽然光合作用，mixoacetotonic吞噬也已被描述。最近，小P. CF。波罗的海人使用了一种非凡的进食策略，通过制作球状粘液陷阱来捕获和诱捕潜在的猎物。在这里，我们提出的证据表明，另外两个相关的物种，最近描述的P. pervagatum和世界性的开花形成P. cordatum，也产生大（80-120 µm）粘液陷阱，支持其mixoacetonic活性。猎物被捕获的陷阱内，无论是通过被动纠缠后接触外表面，或通过主动水运动所产生的旋转原甲藻细胞涡旋颗粒的内表面，被困的活猎物细胞变得固定。诱捕在粘液协助部署到猎物的一个梗从原甲藻细胞的顶端区域挤出。P. pervagatum的吞噬支持比未进食的对照组更快的生长，并且食物泡的时间序列定量显示了Ca. 10-12 Teleaulax猎物细胞第-1天。模型计算表明，部署粘液陷阱增加猎物遭遇率的明显优势。这项研究表明，粘液陷阱的大尺寸和固定化特性成功地增加了小原甲藻物种，其花梗喂养模式阻碍积极移动的猎物消费的猎物的可用性，这种策略是常见的某些分支之间的小寄生原甲藻物种。
Prorocentrum comprises a diverse group of bloom-forming dinophytes with a worldwide distribution. Although photosynthetic, mixoplanktonic phagotrophy has also been described. Recently, the small P. cf. balticum was shown to use a remarkable feeding strategy by crafting globular mucus traps to capture and immobilize potential prey. Here we present evidence showing that two additional related species, the recently described P. pervagatum and the cosmopolitan bloom-forming P. cordatum, also produce large (80–120 µm) mucus traps supporting their mixoplanktonic activity. Prey are captured within the traps either through passive entanglement upon contact with the outside surface, or through active water movement created by rotating Prorocentrum cells eddying particles to the inside surface where trapped live prey cells became immobilized. Entrapment in mucus assisted deployment into the prey of a peduncle extruded from the apical area of the Prorocentrum cell. Phagotrophy by P. pervagatum supported faster growth compared to unfed controls and time series quantification of food vacuoles revealed ingestion rates of ca. 10–12 Teleaulax prey cells day−1. Model calculations show clear advantages of deploying a mucus trap for increasing prey encounter rates. This study demonstrates that the large size and immobilization properties of mucus traps successfully increase the availability of prey for small Prorocentrum species, whose peduncle feeding mode impedes consumption of actively moving prey, and that this strategy is common among certain clades of small planktonic Prorocentrum species.
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