Higher level phylogeny and the first divergence time estimation of Heteroptera (Insecta: Hemiptera) based on multiple genes.
Higher level phylogeny and the first divergence time estimation of Heteroptera (Insecta: Hemiptera) based on multiple genes.
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基于多基因的异翅目（昆虫纲：半翅目）高级系统发育和首次分化时间估计
DOI：
10.1371/journal.pone.0032152
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发表时间：
2012
期刊：
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Bu W
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Li M;Tian Y;Zhao Y;Bu W
异翅目（Heteroptera），又称真蝽，是昆虫中最大的、形态多样的、经济上重要的不完全变态昆虫类群。然而，在异翅目昆虫的系统发育关系上仍存在争议，以往的研究大多基于形态特征或单基因（部分或全部18S rDNA）。此外，到目前为止，异翅目的分歧时间的估计完全依赖于化石记录，而没有进行过分子分歧率的研究。本文首次采用最大简约法（MP）、最大似然法（ML）和贝叶斯推断法（BI）结合多基因（18S rDNA、28S rDNA、16S rDNA和COI）估计了下目的系统发育关系，同时采用惩罚似然法（r8s）和贝叶斯定年法（BEAST）估计了该亚目高级分类群的分化时间。本研究的主要结果包括：在所有六个树（核基因数据的MP树、ML树和贝叶斯树以及四基因组合数据）中，Nepomorpha被放置为最基本的分支，具有完全支持值。Cimicomorpha和Pentatomorpha的姐妹群关系也得到了有力的支持。Nepomorpha起源于早三叠世，其他6个下目起源于中三叠世很短的时期。在白垩纪，随着显花植物的大量繁殖，Cimicomorpha和Pentatomorpha经历了科级的辐射。结果表明，半变态异翅目的高群辐射与全变态鞘翅目和双翅目的高群辐射在三叠纪是同时发生的。虽然水生栖息地已经在三叠纪被Nepomorpha殖民，但Gerromorpha在早侏罗世独立适应了半水生栖息地。
Heteroptera, or true bugs, are the largest, morphologically diverse and economically important group of insects with incomplete metamorphosis. However, the phylogenetic relationships within Heteroptera are still in dispute and most of the previous studies were based on morphological characters or with single gene (partial or whole 18S rDNA). Besides, so far, divergence time estimates for Heteroptera totally rely on the fossil record, while no studies have been performed on molecular divergence rates. Here, for the first time, we used maximum parsimony (MP), maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) with multiple genes (18S rDNA, 28S rDNA, 16S rDNA and COI) to estimate phylogenetic relationships among the infraorders, and meanwhile, the Penalized Likelihood (r8s) and Bayesian (BEAST) molecular dating methods were employed to estimate divergence time of higher taxa of this suborder. Major results of the present study included: Nepomorpha was placed as the most basal clade in all six trees (MP trees, ML trees and Bayesian trees of nuclear gene data and four-gene combined data, respectively) with full support values. The sister-group relationship of Cimicomorpha and Pentatomomorpha was also strongly supported. Nepomorpha originated in early Triassic and the other six infraorders originated in a very short period of time in middle Triassic. Cimicomorpha and Pentatomomorpha underwent a radiation at family level in Cretaceous, paralleling the proliferation of the flowering plants. Our results indicated that the higher-group radiations within hemimetabolous Heteroptera were simultaneously with those of holometabolous Coleoptera and Diptera which took place in the Triassic. While the aquatic habitat was colonized by Nepomorpha already in the Triassic, the Gerromorpha independently adapted to the semi-aquatic habitat in the Early Jurassic.
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